scholarly journals Grounding System Cost Analysis Using Optimization Algorithms

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jau-Woei Perng ◽  
Yi-Chang Kuo ◽  
Shih-Pin Lu
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Rbf Neural Network ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Grounding Resistance ◽  
Grounding Grid ◽  
Engineering Costs ◽  
System Data ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Touch Voltage ◽  
Resistance Value

In this study, the concept of grounding systems is related to the voltage tolerance of the human body (human body voltage tolerance safety value). The maximum touch voltage target and grounding resistance values are calculated in order to compute the grounding resistance on the basis of system data. Typically, the grounding resistance value is inversely proportional to the laying depth of the grounding grid and the number of grounded copper rods. In other words, to improve the performance of the grounding system, either the layering depth of the grounding grid or the number of grounded copper rods should be increased, or both of them should be simultaneously increased. Better grounding resistance values result in increased engineering costs. There are numerous solutions for the grounding target value. Grounding systems are designed to find the combination of the layering depth of the grounding grid and the number of grounded copper rods by considering both cost and performance. In this study, we used a fuzzy algorithm on the genetic algorithm (GA), multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm, Bees, IEEE Std. 80-2000, and Schwarz’s equation based on a power company’s substation grounding system data to optimize the grounding resistance performance and reduce system costs. The MOPSO algorithm returned optimal results. The radial basis function (RBF) neural network curve is obtained by the MOPSO algorithm with three variables (i.e., number of grounded copper rods, grounding resistance value, and grounding grid laying depth), and the simulation results of the electrical transient analysis program (ETAP) system are verified. This could be a future reference for substation designers and architects.

scholarly journals ANALISIS TEGANGAN LANGKAH DAN TEGANGAN SENTUH SERTA PERENCANAAN SISTEM PEMBUMIAN PADA PEMBANGUNAN SUBSTATION VVIP DI BANDAR UDARA INTERNASIONAL I GUSTI NGURAH RAI BALI

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Kadek Mirah Mahadewi ◽  
I Gusti Ngurah Janardana ◽  
I Wayan Arta Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Electrical System ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Grounding Resistance ◽  
Step Voltage ◽  
Touch Voltage ◽  
Mesh Grid ◽  
Resistance Value

I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport Bali previously had a Substation (SS) D which serves the electrical system for the operation of modified Sewage Treatment Plant, however that substation currently under development with the construction of SS VVIP which serves the electrical system for the operation of VVIP buildings and Sewage Treatment Plant. To maintain the security of equipment and humans around the SS VVIP building a good grounding system is needed with a grounding resistance value of <1 Ohm. Because the land at Ngurah Rai Airport is sandy land, the suitable grounding systems are Pelat, Mesh, Grid-Rod groundinh systems [1]. To get an R value <1 Ohm, an analysis of each grounding system is needed, namely Pelat, Mesh, Grid-Rod.The results of the analysis showed that the safest system was the Grid-Rod grounding system with a grounding resistance value of 0.3718 Ohm, a touch voltage value of 223.51 Volt, a step voltage value of 1188.69 Volt and a planning cost of Rp7,712,500. Based on the construction planning data of the SS VVIP Ngurah Rai Airport, the grounding system used is the same as the result of the analysis of the Grid - Rod grounding system.

Design of Grounding Grid According to IEEE Standards

2018 ◽  
pp. 158-186
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Grounding Resistance ◽  
Computerized Analysis ◽  
Grounding Grid ◽  
Homogeneous Soil ◽  
Ieee Standards

This chapter contains the following points: design procedure of grounding system according to IEEE 80, methods for calculating the grounding grid resistance (Dwight's formula, Laurent and Niemann, Sverak's equation, Schwarz's Formula, Dawalibi, Mukhedkar's Formula, Chow and Salama's Formula, Nahman's Formula and Heppe's Method). It contains also the design of charts of grid earthing system and application of step and mesh potential in safe grounding system design. This chapter draws attention also to the following points: Grounding resistance of grounding system in non-homogeneous soil, calculations of maximum step and mesh voltages, estimation of minimum buried grid conductor length and finally computerized analysis in grounding design.

scholarly journals Effects of Soil Profile on the Transient Performance of Substation Grounding System

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 870
Author(s):  
Zulkurnain Adul Malek ◽  
Mohammad Shahrin Affendy Yaman ◽  
Muhammad Adnan
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
Current Amplitude ◽  
Transient Performance ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Step Voltage ◽  
Lightning Current ◽  
Grounding Grid ◽  
Lightning Impulse ◽  
Touch Voltage ◽  
Impulse Current

<table width="593" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="387"><p>Lightning transient characteristic of the grounding grid is fundamental for optimum performance of lightning protection of a substation. In order to design an appropriate grounding system for such substation, it is important to study its transient characteristics because the high impulse current is significantly different compared to power frequency current. In this paper, substation grounding grid model was developed using CDEGS software to analyze the grid transient performance in terms of ground potential rise (GPR), touch voltage and step voltage when the grounding system is struck by a lightning impulse current. Several parameters, such as lightning current amplitude, feed point and the number of sub-grids, were altered to study their relationship with the transient performance. The maximum transient GPR, touch voltage, and step voltage increase as the lightning current amplitude increase. The maximum transient GPR and step voltage are the highest at the corner of the grounding grid while the maximum touch voltage is the highest at the centre of the grounding grid. In addition, the maximum transient GPR and step voltage decrease when the number of sub-grid increases. In contrast, the touch voltage slightly increases as the number of sub-grid increases. The maximum transient GPR, and step voltage are the highest at the 2-layer and the lowest at the uniform soil or single-layer soil.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBEBANAN TERHADAP NILAI RESISTANSI PENTANAHAN TRANSFORMATOR 250 KVA PADA GARDU BA 0005 PT. PLN (PERSERO) UP3 BENGKULU ULP TELUK SEGARA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Eka Putra
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Grounding Resistance ◽  
Distribution Transformers ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Electrical Distribution Networks ◽  
Resistance Value

             A distribution transformer as an electromagnetic device that converts and transfers electrical energy to the primary and secondary electrical distribution networks, is directly related to the ever changing load center. As a result of high loading and unbalance will cause an increase in neutral induced currents, of course, to anticipate changes in load that cause neutral phase currents in distribution transformers required grounding resistance values or low grounding in the neutral phase.The resistance value or grounding resistance according to the General Electrical Installation Requirements (PUIL) 2000 and SPLN3-1978 Regarding PLN Low Voltage Network Grounding and Installation Grounding does not exceed 5 ? or a maximum of 5 ?. The calculation results obtained the value of the grounding resistance in the neutral phase and the transformer body 250 KVA BA 0005 Distribution Substation, namely 4.11 ?. From these results it is necessary to have a comparative study of the resistance value from the calculation results with the value of the direct measurement results in the neutral phase grounding system and the 250 KVA transformer body BA 0005 Distribution Substation. From the results of direct measurements between 14.00 to 15.00 WIB with 50 percent loading on The transformer has the largest value of resistance in the neutral phase of 8.1 ? and on the transformer body of 8.3 ?. Keywords: 250 KVA Transformer, Grounding Resistance, Neutral Phase, Body Transformer

scholarly journals Ufer Grounding System to Minimize Risk of Lightning Strike using Concrete Mixed with Bentonite and Coconut Fiber

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yul Martin ◽  
Diah Permata ◽  
Annisa Ulya ◽  
Dikpride Despa ◽  
Marwansyah Marwansyah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Engineering ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Coconut Fiber ◽  
Lightning Strikes ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Grounding Resistance ◽  
Human Safety ◽  
Resistance Value ◽  
Coated Electrodes

The increasing frequency of lightning strikes endangers human safety and life. The grounding system was introduced to face the lightning strikes. This research aimed to understand the changes of grounding resistance value using concrete mixed with bentonite and coconut fiber. The research was conducted in the Laboratory of Electrical Engineering, University of Lampung. The research was started from October 2017 to April 2018. This research used the Ufer grounding system. Concretes with (25 x 25 x 30) cm3 in volume were planted at a depth of 50 cm with copper-coated electrodes that were 16 mm in diameter. 4 concrete was produce with different component T1= concrete, 30% bentonite, T2= concrete, 30% bentonite, 1.5% coconut fiber, T3= concrete, 30% bentonite, 0.75% coconut fiber, T4= concrete + 1.5% coconut fiber. The results show that the lowest grounding resistance values were 45.896 Ω on the concrete with bentonite: cement: sand: gravel = 0.3: 0.7: 2: 4. By adding 1.5% coconut fiber, the grounding resistance value is 3.5 times smaller than the grounding resistance values of the soil (161.2 Ω). Adding bentonite and coconut fiber can decrease the grounding resistance values

scholarly journals Characterizing the Effects of Explosive Ordnance Disposal Operations on the Human Body While Wearing Heavy Personal Protective Equipment

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082199262
Author(s):  
Yi-Ning Wu ◽  
Adam Norton ◽  
Michael R. Zielinski ◽  
Pei-Chun Kao ◽  
Andrew Stanwicks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Physiological Measurement ◽  
Cognitive Stress ◽  
Explosive Ordnance Disposal ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Inspection Tasks ◽  
Muscle Activations

Objective To provide a comprehensive characterization of explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) personal protective equipment (PPE) by evaluating its effects on the human body, specifically the poses, tasks, and conditions under which EOD operations are performed. Background EOD PPE is designed to protect technicians from a blast. The required features of protection make EOD PPE heavy, bulky, poorly ventilated, and difficult to maneuver in. It is not clear how the EOD PPE wearer physiologically adapts to maintain physical and cognitive performance during EOD operations. Method Fourteen participants performed EOD operations including mobility and inspection tasks with and without EOD PPE. Physiological measurement and kinematic data recording were used to record human physiological responses and performance. Results All physiological measures were significantly higher during the mobility and the inspection tasks when EOD PPE was worn. Participants spent significantly more time to complete the mobility tasks, whereas mixed results were found in the inspection tasks. Higher back muscle activations were seen in participants who performed object manipulation while wearing EOD PPE. Conclusion EOD operations while wearing EOD PPE pose significant physical stress on the human body. The wearer’s mobility is impacted by EOD PPE, resulting in decreased speed and higher muscle activations. Application The testing and evaluation methodology in this study can be used to benchmark future EOD PPE designs. Identifying hazards posed by EOD PPE lays the groundwork for developing mitigation plans, such as exoskeletons, to reduce physical and cognitive stress caused by EOD PPE on the wearers without compromising their operational performance.

Wavelet-based Analysis of Impulse Grounding Resistance–Experimental Study of the “A”-type Grounding System

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (19) ◽  
pp. 2189-2195
Author(s):  
Meludin Veledar ◽  
Samir Avdakovic ◽  
Zijad Bajramovic ◽  
Milan Savic ◽  
Koviljka Stankovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Grounding Resistance

scholarly journals In-Body Ranging with Ultra-Wideband Signals: Techniques and Modeling of the Ranging Error

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzaffer Kanaan ◽  
Memduh Suveren
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Extreme Value Distribution ◽  
Generalized Extreme Value Distribution ◽  
Ultra Wideband ◽  
Wideband Signals ◽  
Ranging Error ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Ranging Errors ◽  
Wireless Capsule

Results about the problem of accurate ranging within the human body using ultra-wideband signals are shown. The ability to accurately measure the range between a sensor implanted in the human body and an external receiver can make a number of new medical applications such as better wireless capsule endoscopy, next-generation microrobotic surgery systems, and targeted drug delivery systems possible. The contributions of this paper are twofold. First, we propose two novel range estimators: one based on an implementation of the so-called CLEAN algorithm for estimating channel profiles and another based on neural networks. Second, we develop models to describe the statistics of the ranging error for both types of estimators. Such models are important for the design and performance analysis of localization systems. It is shown that the ranging error in both cases follows a heavy-tail distribution known as the Generalized Extreme Value distribution. Our results also indicate that the estimator based on neural networks outperforms the CLEAN-based estimator, providing ranging errors better than or equal to 3.23 mm with 90% probability.

scholarly journals Construction and performance analysis of data warehouse based on ship propulsion system

2021 ◽  
Vol 248 ◽  
pp. 01060
Author(s):  
Qi Hu ◽  
Yutao Chen ◽  
Yuqian He
Keyword(s):  
Data Warehouse ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Hydrodynamic Characteristic ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Multidimensional Analysis ◽  
Hydrodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Soft Sensing ◽  
Ship Propulsion ◽  
System Data ◽  
And Performance

A large number of operation data will be generated in the process of ship propulsion system operation. Aiming at the processing, analysis and application of these operation data, a data warehouse for propulsion system is constructed based on the operation data of a ship, and the multidimensional analysis and result display of data are realized by combining OLAP technology with visual analysis software tableau. On the basis of the data warehouse, the soft sensing of parameters is applied to the data warehouse. Based on the soft sensing data, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the propeller are studied, and the hydrodynamic characteristic curves of the propeller are obtained. The research of ship propulsion system based on data warehouse provides support for the comprehensive information of propulsion system data.

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