scholarly journals Investigation of the liquid density using Gamma scattering technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (T1) ◽  
pp. 106-113
Author(s):  
Kien Thach Trung Vo ◽  
Tam Duc Hoang ◽  
Nguyen Hoang Vo ◽  
Chuong Dinh Huynh ◽  
Thanh Thien Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scattering ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Photon Beam ◽  
Scattered Photon ◽  
Liquid Density ◽  
Scattering Angle ◽  
Testing Sample ◽  
Scattering Technique

In this work, a gamma scattering technique using 137Cs (5mCi) source with the NaI(Tl) detector is arranged to record the scattered photon beam at scattering angle of 1200 for investigating the liquid density. We used standard liquid such as water, H2SO4, HCl, glycerol, HNO3, ethanol and A92 petrol to fit the single scattering peak, multiple scattering, and total counts versus standard liquid densities. The interpolating of the single scattering peak, multiple scattering, and total counts of the testing sample at scattering angle of 1200 is 0.702 g.cm-3, 0.783 g.cm-3, and 0.747 g.cm-3, respectively. The discrepancy of the experiment and true testing density is about 8 %, 3 %, and 2 %, respectively. The result shows that multiple scattering or total counts can be used to propose the density measurement.

scholarly journals The Multiple Scattering of Protons in Nuclear Emulsions

1954 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 586 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Bird ◽  
KC Hines
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scattering ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Scattering Angle ◽  
Lateral Deflection ◽  
Nuclear Emulsions ◽  
Minimum Angle ◽  
Low Energies

The multiple scattering theories of Williams. and Moliere have been adapted to give the r.m.s. lateral deflection of protons which lose all their energy in nuclear emul� sions. Measurements of 1-5 MeV proton tracks show significant differences from the former theory at low energies and from the latter at higher energies. The introduction of alternative expressions for the minimum angle due to screening does not give a satisfactory explanation of the observed results. It is found, however, that the experi. mental r.m.s. deflections display the same dependence on maximum single scattering angle as is calculated.

scholarly journals Determination of the interface between insoluble environments using gamma scattering technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (T4) ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
Nguyen Hoang Vo ◽  
Thanh Thien Tran ◽  
Quy Duc Bui ◽  
Minh Quoc Nguyen ◽  
Duy Hoang To ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Radioactive Source ◽  
Photon Beam ◽  
Scattered Photon ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Scintillation Crystal ◽  
Cylindrical Glass ◽  
Scattering Technique ◽  
Scattering Measurement

In this study, we deploy and compare spectrum processing methods based on gamma scattering technique to determine the interface between insoluble fluids stored in the container. The gamma scattering measurement system included: a 5 mCi radioactive source of 137Cs, a cylindrical glass vase with a diameter of 6.5 cm containing the fluids, and a NaI(Tl) detector with a 7.62 × 7.62 cm scintillation crystal. The detector was arranged to obtain the scattered photon beam at the angle of 120o. Two of the three processing methods showed good results with the biggest difference of 5 mm. In addition, the results also show the feasibility of using SCA in gamma scattering measurement system to determine the interface between insoluble environments.

Background Fitting in the Low-Loss Region of Electron Energy Loss Spectra

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-57
Author(s):  
C P Scott ◽  
A J Craven ◽  
C J Gilmore ◽  
A W Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Multiple Scattering ◽  
Simple Form ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Low Loss ◽  
Characteristic Energy ◽  
Normal Method ◽  
Fitting In ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Electron Energy Loss Spectra

The normal method of background subtraction in quantitative EELS analysis involves fitting an expression of the form I=AE-r to an energy window preceding the edge of interest; E is energy loss, A and r are fitting parameters. The calculated fit is then extrapolated under the edge, allowing the required signal to be extracted. In the case where the characteristic energy loss is small (E < 100eV), the background does not approximate to this simple form. One cause of this is multiple scattering. Even if the effects of multiple scattering are removed by deconvolution, it is not clear that the background from the recovered single scattering distribution follows this simple form, and, in any case, deconvolution can introduce artefacts.The above difficulties are particularly severe in the case of Al-Li alloys, where the Li K edge at ~52eV overlaps the Al L2,3 edge at ~72eV, and sharp plasmon peaks occur at intervals of ~15eV in the low loss region. An alternative background fitting technique, based on the work of Zanchi et al, has been tested on spectra taken from pure Al films, with a view to extending the analysis to Al-Li alloys.

A study on the sensitivity of the measurement of liquid density at different scattering angles using a gamma scattering technique

2021 ◽  
pp. 109897
Author(s):  
Huynh Dinh Chuong ◽  
Nguyen Thi Kim Anh ◽  
Truong Thanh Sang ◽  
Le Thi Ngoc Trang ◽  
Nguyen Thi Truc Linh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Density ◽  
Scattering Technique

A Combination Method of Charge Density Measurement in Hard Materials Using Accurate, Quantitative Electron and X-ray Diffraction: The α-Al2O3 Case

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor A. Streltsov ◽  
Philip N.H. Nakashima ◽  
Andrew W.S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Charge Density ◽  
Multiple Scattering ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Bloch Wave ◽  
Combination Method ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hard Materials ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
Free Data

Current X-ray diffraction techniques intended for “ideally imperfect” specimens provide structure factors only on a relative scale and ever-present multiple scattering in strong low-angle Bragg reflections is difficult to correct. Multiple scattering is implicit in the quantitative convergent beam electron diffraction (QCBED) method, which provides absolutely scaled structure factors. Conventional single crystal X-ray diffraction has proved adequate in softer materials where crystal perfection is limited. In hard materials, the highly perfect nature of the crystals is often a difficulty, due to the inadequacy of the conventional corrections for multiple scattering (extinction corrections). The present study on α-Al2O3 exploits the complementarity of synchrotron X-ray measurements for weak and medium intensities and QCBED measurement of the strong low-angle reflections. Two-dimensional near zone axis QCBED data from different crystals at various accelerating voltages, thicknesses, and orientations have been matched using Bloch-wave and multislice methods. The reproducibility of QCBED data is better than 0.5%. The low-angle strong QCBED structure factors were combined with middle and high-angle extinction-free data from synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. Static deformation charge density maps for α-Al2O3 have been calculated from a multipole expansion model refined using the combined QCBED and X-ray data.

scholarly journals Cramér-Rao Bound Study of Multiple Scattering Effects in Target Separation Estimation

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin A. Marengo ◽  
Paul Berestesky
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scattering ◽  
Born Approximation ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Scattering Data ◽  
Approximation Model ◽  
Scattering Parameters ◽  
Helmholtz Operator ◽  
Scattering Effects ◽  
Cramer Rao Bound ◽  
Multiple Scattering Effects

The information about the distance of separation between two-point targets that is contained in scattering data is explored in the context of the scalar Helmholtz operator via the Fisher information and associated Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) relevant to unbiased target separation estimation. The CRB results are obtained for the exact multiple scattering model and, for reference, also for the single scattering or Born approximation model applicable to weak scatterers. The effects of the sensing configuration and the scattering parameters in target separation estimation are analyzed. Conditions under which the targets' separation cannot be estimated are discussed for both models. Conditions for multiple scattering to be useful or detrimental to target separation estimation are discussed and illustrated.

scholarly journals A Fully Automatic Calibration System for Hydrometers in NIM

MAPAN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jintao Wang ◽  
Xiang Liu ◽  
Wencai Shi ◽  
Changhong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Fused Silica ◽  
Automatic Calibration ◽  
Liquid Density ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Calibration System ◽  
Solid Density ◽  
Fully Automatic ◽  
Better Than

AbstractHydrometers are widely used in industry for liquid density measurement. It is important to achieve rapid and high accuracy calibration for hydrometers. Based on the Archimedes principle, a fully automatic hydrometer calibration system in NIM was designed using Cuckow’s method. The liquid density of n-tridecane (C13H28)is calibrated with 441 g high-purity fused silica ring as the solid density standard. The buoyancy of hydrometer is measured by static weighing system with resolution 0.01 mg. The alignment between liquid surface and hydrometer scale was achieved by the lifting platform with the positioning accuracy of 10 μm. According to the weighing value of hydrometer in air and liquid, the density correction value at different scales is calculated. Hydrometer covering a full range (650–1500) kg/m3can be calibrated without changing the liquid. Taking the calibration data of PTB as reference, the experimental data show that the measurement uncertainty of this system is better than 0.3 division (k = 2).

scholarly journals The Multiple Scattering of Electrons and Positrons

1954 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
CBO Mohr ◽  
LJ Tassie
Keyword(s):  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Multiple Scattering ◽  
Born Approximation ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Wkb Method ◽  
Electrons And Positrons

The angular distribution of the single scattering of 33, 121, and 1065 keV electrons at small angles in gold is calculated and compared with the distributions given by the Born approximation and by the WKB method as used by Moli�re. The single scattering distribution for 1065 keV electrons is integrated numerically to give mean square angles of multiple scattering, and these are compared with the values given by the various multiple scattering theories.

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