SERUM MAGNESIUM LEVEL IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY - A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: Among different complications of diabetes, ddiabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. Increase in the frequency of lower serum magnesium levels have been reported among patients with diabetes. Materials and methods: A total of 120 subjects were included in this study and divided into 3 groups. The study groups consisted of 40 patients that are type 2 diabetes with retinopathy and 40 patients with type 2 diabetes without retinopathy and control group consisted of 40 healthy subjects respectively. Both cases and controls were subjected to estimation of biochemical parameters. Results: Among the study population, (80) 66.67% participants were cases and another (40) 33.33% participants were controls. Among the people who had mild NPDR, the median Mg was 1.90 (IQR 1.80, 2.00). It was 1.90 (1.70, 2.00), 1.75 (1.67, 1.92), 1.8 (1.69, 2.0) and 2.10 (1.90, 2.20) among people with DM retinopathy moderate NPDR, severe NPDR, Proliferative retinopathy and no retinopathy respectively. The difference in the Mg across DM retinopathy was statistically significant (P Value 0.008). The difference between the values among both the case and control groups for certain parameters such as SBP, FBG, PPBG, HbA1c, Magnesium, Urea, and Creatinine were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: Serum magnesium levels were significantly lower in patients with diabetic retinopathy compared to diabetics without complications and control group. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic retinopathy, Magnesium

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Exposure to Chinese Famine in Fetal Life and the Risk of Dysglycemiain Adulthood

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17072210 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 2210

Author(s):

Yan Zhang ◽

Chao Song ◽

Meng Wang ◽

Weiyan Gong ◽

Yanning Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Exposed Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Fetal Life ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Affected Area ◽

Famine Exposure ◽

And Control ◽

The Relationship

Undernutrition in early life may have a long consequence of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. The current study was aimed to explore the association between famine exposure in fetal life during China’s Great Famine (1959–1961) and dysglycemia in adulthood. The cross-sectional data from 7830 adults from the 2010–2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance was utilized. Participants who were born between 1960 and 1961 were selected as the exposed group, while the participants who were born in 1963 were selected as the unexposed group. Logistic regression was utilized to examine the relationship between fetal famine exposure and dysglycemia in adulthood. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the exposed and control group was 6.4% and 5.1%, respectively, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in the exposed group was 1.23 times higher than that of the control group (95%CI, 1.01–1.50; P = 0.042) in adulthood, and 1.40 times in the severely affected area (95%CI, 1.11–1.76; P = 0.004). The fasting plasma glucose of the exposed group was higher than that of the control group, which was only found in the severely affected area (P = 0.014) and females (P = 0.037). The association between famine and impaired fasting glucose was observed only in females (OR 1.31, 95%CI, 1.01–1.70; P = 0.040). Our results suggested that fetal exposure to Chinese famine increased the risk of dysglycemia in adulthood. This association was stronger in the severely affected area and females.

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The Association Between Serum Magnesium Level and Microalbuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Nephro-Urology Monthly ◽

10.5812/numonthly.112373 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Masoud Mohebbi ◽

Katayoun Samadi ◽

Nazafarin Navari ◽

Melika Ziafati-fahmideh-sani ◽

Golshid Nourihosseini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Serum Magnesium ◽

P Value ◽

Albumin Concentration ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Urine Albumin ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Diabetic nephropathy occurs in 20 - 30% of diabetic cases globally, and microalbuminuria (MA) is the first symptom of this disorder. Some studies have suggested that there is an association between the serum magnesium (Mg) level and MA. Objectives: Therefore, we investigated the association between the serum Mg level and MA in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 122 subjects with T2DM. We categorized them into two groups of microalbuminuria (MA) and non-microalbuminuria (NMA) according to their urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR). MA was considered as a UACR of 30 to 300 mg/g. Participants were excluded if they had the following conditions: The age of under 16 years, cardiac, renal, or hepatic disorders, using corticosteroids, diuretics, Mg /calcium (Ca) supplements, and antiepileptic drugs, heavy physical activity within 24 hours before the test, pregnant and breastfeeding women, febrile patients, and patients who were unwilling to participate in the study. The analysis was performed using SPSS version 15. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the patients, 50.81% were male. Also, the mean body mass index (BMI) of the NMA group was greater than the MA group (29.84 ± 5.64 vs. 27.31 ± 3.14, P-value = 0.003). Mg levels of the MA and NMA groups showed no significant differences (2.13 ± 0.42 and 2.10 ± 0.43, respectively; P-value = 0.67). Overall, data analysis provided no significant difference between Mg level and the urine albumin concentration between the MA and NMA groups (P-value = 0.21 and 0.81, respectively.). Conclusions: Serum Mg level and MA have no significant relationship. Further prospective studies are needed to assay this issue.

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Association of serum adenosine deaminase level with atherosclerotic index in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Biomedicine ◽

10.51248/.v41i1.551 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 150-152

Author(s):

M Rasheed Khan ◽

S Vinod Babu ◽

V. KuzhandaiVelu

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Adenosine Deaminase ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lipid Ratio

Introduction and Aim:The atherosclerosis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetes population. Diabetes mellitus can accelerate atherosclerotic processes. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) plays a significant role in both glucose and lipid metabolism through adenosine. This study aimed to correlate the atherosclerotic index with adenosine deaminase levels in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The aim of the study is to find the association between serum ADA levels with atherosclerotic index. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study conducted in 100 subjects (50 control and 50 T2DM patients). The following biochemical parameter were estimated:total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, HDL- C and ADA. VLDL, LDL and other atherosclerotic index were calculated using formulae. Statistical analysis such as Student’s‘t’ test and Pearson’s correlation were performed. Results: We found significant increase (p value <0.001) in lipid profile, Non-HDL-C and lipid ratio when compared to T2DM with control group. The correlation of serum ADA with lipid profile and lipid ratio didnot show any correlation. Conclusion: Serum ADA used as a biomarker for evaluation of glycemic status. ADA was insignificant, when correlated with dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic index.

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Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Gene Polymorphism (V16A) is Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Slovene (Caucasians) Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Disease Markers ◽

10.1155/2008/940703 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 59-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Mojca Globočnik Petrovič ◽

Ines Cilenšek ◽

Daniel Petrovič

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Manganese Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Control Group ◽

Enos Gene ◽

Cross Sectional

Substantial data indicate that oxidative stress is involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Two candidate genes that affect the oxidative stress are manganese mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The aim of the present study was to examine the role of the V16A polymorphism of the Mn-SOD gene and the 4a/b polymorphism of the eNOS gene in the development of diabetic retinopathy in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes.In this cross sectional case-control study 426 unrelated Slovene subjects (Caucasians) with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled: 283 patients with diabetic retinopathy and the control group of 143 subjects with type 2 diabetes of duration of more than 10 years who had no clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy.A significantly higher frequency of the VV genotype of the V16A polymorphism of the Mn-SOD was found in patients with diabetic retinopathy compared to those without diabetic retinopathy (OR=2.1, 95% CI = 1.2–3.4;p= 0.006), whereas the 4a/b polymorphism of the eNOS gene failed to yield an association with diabetic retinopathy.We may conclude that the VV genotype of the V16A polymorphism of the Mn-SOD gene was associated with diabetic retinopathy in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes, therefore it might be used as a genetic marker of diabetic retinopathy in Caucasians.

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Study of serum magnesium level in type 2 diabetes mellitus with nephropathy

International Journal of Advances in Medicine ◽

10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20193262 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 1145

Author(s):

Satya Bhushan Nayyar ◽

Hargurpal Singh Brar ◽

Sahiba Kukreja ◽

Kamaldeep Kaur

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Glycaemic Control ◽

Serum Magnesium ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Poor Glycaemic Control

Background: Magnesium (Mg) is the fourth most abundant cation in the human body and plays a key role in many fundamental biological processes including metabolism and DNA synthesis. Hypomagnesaemia has also been associated with poor glycemic control and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: The present study was undertaken in the Department of Medicine in SGRDIMSAR, Amritsar on 100 patients diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as per the latest ADA criteria. The patients were divided into 2 groups. Group A with 50 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with urinary albumin level >30 mg/dl (Study Group). Group B with 50 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with urine albumin levels <30 mg/dl (Control Group).Results: Hypomagnesemia was present in 16 patients i.e. 32% in study group and 12 patients i.e. 24% in control group (P=0.034). In study group with hypomagnesemia, 13 patients i.e. 81.25% and in control group with hypomagnesemia, 4 patients i.e. 33.33% have poor glycaemic control (P=0.033). In study group with hypomagnesemia, 14 patients i.e. 87.5% and in control group with hypomagnesemia, 5 patients i.e. 41.67% were found to have diabetic retinopathy (P=0.010).Conclusions: Hypomagnesemia was directly correlated with hypertension (P=0.004), poor glycaemic control (P=0.033), diabetic retinopathy (P=0.010) and diabetic nephropathy (P=0.034). Hypomagnesemia leads to early microvascular complications as compared to macrovascular complications. Thus, screening of serum magnesium levels in T2DM with albuminuria should alert us to look for hypertension, poor glycaemic control and retinopathy.

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Android based Diabetic Manager to Enhance Compliance and to Control Blood Glucose Level among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia

Webology ◽

10.14704/web/v18i1/web18082 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 179-191

Author(s):

Heru Supriyatno ◽

Dwi Ari Murti Widigdo ◽

Wiwin Renny Rahmawati

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Patient Adherence ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

The Status ◽

And Control

Android Based Diabetic Manager (ABDM) is an application used for diabetic patients to control their diet. This application is an easy way to remind them in consuming foods and giving them alert when its necessary calories have been achieved. This study was conducted in response to technological developments in the Era 4.0 to help people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus through diet control that can be done independently. This study was conducted in the city of Magelang aimed to evaluate whether using ABMD was effective to improve patients adherence in their diet and to control their blood glucose levels. This experimental study was using pre test and post test with control group design. By using simple random sampling, 52 people suffering from Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus recruited in this study devided into two groups, ABDM group and control group. The Pearson Chi-Square test result showed that there was significantly different between ABDM group and control group in the status of blood glucose control and patient adherence with p value was 0.048and 0.000 respectively (p value <0.05). This result indicated that H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted, which could be interpreted that Android based Diabetic Managerapplication influenced the status of blood sugar control and improved the patient adherence in managing their diet. Android based Diabetic Managerapplication influenced the status of blood sugar control and improved the patient adherence in managing their diet. Recomendation was made to conduct future study in the wider Diabetes community by adding more complete types of menu list and its variations in the Android based Diabetic Manager.

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Status of some Trace Elements in Type-2 Diabetic Patients and its Relationship with Lipid Profile

Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences ◽

10.3329/jbas.v40i1.28327 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 79-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Roksana Yeasmin ◽

MA Muttalib ◽

Naznin Sultana ◽

Nizamul Hoque Bhuiyan ◽

Rashedul Alam

Keyword(s):

Lipid Profile ◽

Serum Magnesium ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽

Serum Zn ◽

And Control ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Investigation of the serum level of copper, zinc, magnesium and manganese in type-2 diabetes mellitus and their possible association with lipid profile was carried out. The comparative study included 100 type-2 diabetic patients in Gr-II and 100 non-diabetic as control in (Gr-I). Results indicated that there is a significant lower level (p < .001) of serum Zn, Cu, Mg and Mn in diabetic patients compared with the control group, showing p value < .001. In type-2 DM patients (Gr-II) there were significant correlations between serum Zn and TAG (r = 0.209) and between Zn and HDL-C level (r = .199) showing p value <.05. Non significant relationships were found in between Zn and lipid profile (TAG, Cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C) of control (Gr-I) group. Significant correlation was found between serum magnesium and TAG of control (Gr-I) where p < .01 and non significant correlations were found in serum Mg and total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C of both type-2 diabetic (Gr-II) and control (Gr-I). Significant correlations were also found in between serum of Cu and Mn and TAG of control (Gr-I) where p < .05 and non significant correlations were found in other component of lipid profile of both cases (Gr-II) and control (Gr-I).Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 40, No. 1, 79-85, 2016

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GSTT1 Null Genotype Is a Risk Factor for Diabetic Retinopathy in Caucasians with Type 2 Diabetes, whereas GSTM1 Null Genotype Might Confer Protection against Retinopathy

Disease Markers ◽

10.1155/2012/675628 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 93-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Ines Cilenšek ◽

Sara Mankoč ◽

Mojca Globočnik Petrovič ◽

Daniel Petrovič

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Control Group ◽

Genotype Distribution ◽

Gstt1 Null Genotype ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Gstp1 Ile105val ◽

Glutathione S Transferases

Aim: Substantial data indicate that oxidative stress is involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the genetic polymorphisms: polymorphic deletions of glutathione S-transferases M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) and Ile105Val of the GSTP1 are associated with DR in Slovenian patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods: In this cross sectional case-control study 604 unrelated Slovene subjects (Caucasians) with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled: 284 patients with DR (cases) and the control group of 320 subjects with type 2 diabetes of more than 10 years’ duration who had no clinical signs of DR. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).Results: In our study, the deletion of the GSTM1 was found less frequent in cases with DR than in the controls (27.5% versus 44.4%;P< 0.001), whereas the deletion of GSTT1 was found significantly more often in cases than in the controls (49.3% versus 29.7%;P< 0.001). We did not find statistically significant differences in the genotype distribution in GSTP1 (Ile105Val) polymorphism between cases and controls (40.5% versus 46.0%).Conclusions: We may conclude that individuals homozygous for the deletion of GSTT1 are at an ≈ 2-fold-greater risk of DR, whereas the GSTM1 deficiency is associated with lower frequency of DR in type 2 diabetics.

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Structural and functional findings in patients with moderate diabetic retinopathy

Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology ◽

10.1007/s00417-021-05277-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

A. Boned-Murillo ◽

M. D. Diaz-Barreda ◽

A. Ferreras ◽

I. Bartolomé-Sesé ◽

E. Orduna-Hospital ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Control Group ◽

Ganglion Cell Complex ◽

Retinal Sensitivity ◽

Exclusion Criteria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Swept Source ◽

Swept Source Oct ◽

And Control

Abstract Purpose To evaluate structural and functional ocular changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and moderate diabetic retinopathy (DR) without apparent diabetic macular edema (DME) assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and microperimetry. Methods This was a single-center cross-sectional descriptive study for which 75 healthy controls and 48 DM2 patients with moderate DR were included after applying exclusion criteria (one eye per patient was included). All eyes underwent a complete ophthalmic examination (axial length, macular imaging with swept-source OCT, and MAIA microperimetry). Macular thicknesses, ganglion cell complex (GCC) thicknesses, and central retinal sensitivity were compared between groups, and the relationships between the OCT and microperimetry parameters were evaluated. Results Macular thickness was similar in both groups (242.17 ± 35.0 in the DM2 group vs 260.64 ± 73.9 in the control group). There was a diminution in the parafoveal area thickness in the DM2 group in the GCC complex. Retinal sensitivity was reduced in all sectors in the DM2 group. The central global value was 24.01 ± 5.7 in the DM2 group and 27.31 ± 2.7 in the control group (p < 0.001). Macular integrity was 80.89 ± 26.4 vs 64.70 ± 28.3 (p < 0.001) and total mean threshold was 23.90 ± 4.9 vs 26.48 ± 2.6 (p < 0.001) in the DM2 and control group, respectively. Moderate correlations were detected between the central sector of MAIA microperimetry and retina total central thickness (− 0.347; p = 0.0035). Age, visual acuity, and hemoglobin A1c levels also correlated with retinal sensitivity. Conclusion Macular GCC thickness and central retinal sensitivity were reduced in patients with moderate DR without DME, suggesting the presence of macular neurodegeneration.

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