scholarly journals FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF LIPID METABOLITE CDP DIACYLGLYCEROL AND ITS SYNTHASE ENZYMES: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj G Tyagi ◽  
Dharmendra Singh ◽  
Nirmala Joyce ◽  
Mohammed Amil ◽  
Shyam S Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Phosphatidic Acid ◽  
Basic Building Block ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Essential Step ◽  
Membrane Enzyme ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Cytidine Diphosphate

Phospholipids are basic building-block molecules for biological membranes. Biosynthesis of phospholipids i.e phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylserine requires a central liponucleotide intermediate named cytidine-diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP-DAG). The CDP-DAG synthase (CDS) is an integral membrane enzyme catalysing the formation of CDP-DAG, an essential step for phosphoinositide recycling during signal transduction. New roles are being ascribed to the CDP-DAG in signalling and pathophysiological conditions. This pathway may also be the target of novel drugs to be used in neuro-psychiatric conditions. Key words: Phospholipids, Cytidine diphosphate, diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol.

scholarly journals Functional Roles of Bromodomain Proteins in Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3606
Author(s):  
Samuel P. Boyson ◽  
Cong Gao ◽  
Kathleen Quinn ◽  
Joseph Boyd ◽  
Hana Paculova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Chromatin ◽  
Structural Domains ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Protein Interactome ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Bromodomain Proteins ◽  
Chromatin Configuration

Histone acetylation is generally associated with an open chromatin configuration that facilitates many cellular processes including gene transcription, DNA repair, and DNA replication. Aberrant levels of histone lysine acetylation are associated with the development of cancer. Bromodomains represent a family of structurally well-characterized effector domains that recognize acetylated lysines in chromatin. As part of their fundamental reader activity, bromodomain-containing proteins play versatile roles in epigenetic regulation, and additional functional modules are often present in the same protein, or through the assembly of larger enzymatic complexes. Dysregulated gene expression, chromosomal translocations, and/or mutations in bromodomain-containing proteins have been correlated with poor patient outcomes in cancer. Thus, bromodomains have emerged as a highly tractable class of epigenetic targets due to their well-defined structural domains, and the increasing ease of designing or screening for molecules that modulate the reading process. Recent developments in pharmacological agents that target specific bromodomains has helped to understand the diverse mechanisms that bromodomains play with their interaction partners in a variety of chromatin processes, and provide the promise of applying bromodomain inhibitors into the clinical field of cancer treatment. In this review, we explore the expression and protein interactome profiles of bromodomain-containing proteins and discuss them in terms of functional groups. Furthermore, we highlight our current understanding of the roles of bromodomain-containing proteins in cancer, as well as emerging strategies to specifically target bromodomains, including combination therapies using bromodomain inhibitors alongside traditional therapeutic approaches designed to re-program tumorigenesis and metastasis.

Multi-Functional Device Applications of Nonlinear Optical Polymer Materials.

1989 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lytel ◽  
G.F. Lipscomb
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Optical ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Optical Polymer ◽  
Field Operation ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Device Applications ◽  
Nonlinear Optical Polymer ◽  
Practical Field

AbstractRecent developments in the application of electro-optic polymer materials to perform multi-functional roles in integrated optic device applications are summarized and future requirements for practical field operation are discussed.

Anarchism and Cybernetics: A Missed Opportunity Revisited

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-60
Author(s):  
Thomas Swann
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Viable System Model ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Core ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Functional Hierarchy ◽  
Viable System ◽  
Conceptual Overview ◽  
Missed Opportunity

Chapter Three provides a historical and conceptual overview of both anarchism and cybernetics, focusing on recent developments in anarchist social movement practice and Stafford Beer’s organisational cybernetics respectively. The chapter argues that the core cybernetic principles of complexity, control and autonomy, understood through the overarching idea of self-organisation, can help elaborate a detailed understanding of anarchist organisation. To do so, the chapter develops Beer’s Viable System Model for anarchist social movement organising and uses the example of Occupy to show how the functional hierarchy of Beer’s model can be applied to forms of organisation that are typically understood as rejecting hierarchy. The chapter builds on an important article written by John D. McEwan to show how functional roles in an organisation can be realised on structurally non-hierarchical ways that reinforce the radically democratic and participatory practices of anarchism.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of lecithin in brain. Participation of cytidine diphosphate choline and phosphatidic acid

1963 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
KP STRICKLAND ◽  
D SUBRAHMANYAM ◽  
ET PRITCHARD ◽  
W THOMPSON ◽  
RJ ROSSITER
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatidic Acid ◽  
Cytidine Diphosphate

Synthesis of Diphytanyl Ether Analogues of Phosphatidic Acid and Cytidine Diphosphate Diglyceride

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kates ◽  
C. E. Park ◽  
B. Palameta ◽  
C. N. Joo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Phosphatidic Acid ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Anhydrous Benzene ◽  
Catalytic Hydrogenolysis ◽  
Cytidine Monophosphate ◽  
Cytidine Diphosphate

The chemical synthesis of 2,3-di-O-phytanyl-sn-1-glycerophosphate was carried out in two ways: (a) by phosphorylation of 2,3-diphytanyl-sn-glycerol with diphenylphosphoryl chloride in pyridine, followed by catalytic hydrogenolysis of the phenyl groups; and (b) by condensation of 1-iodo-2,3-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol with silver di-p-nitrobenzyl phosphate in anhydrous benzene, followed by catalytic hydrogenolysis of the p-nitrobenzyl groups. The free diether phosphatidic acid obtained was converted to the dipotassium and disodium salts. The diether phosphatidic acid was also converted to the diether analogue of cytidine diphosphate diglyceride by condensation with cytidine monophosphate morpholidate in pyridine. The physical properties of these diether analogues are described, as well as their stabilities towards acid hydrolysis.

scholarly journals Regulation of wound-responsive calcium-dependent protein kinase from maize (ZmCPK11) by phosphatidic acid.

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Klimecka ◽  
Jadwiga Szczegielniak ◽  
Luiza Godecka ◽  
Elżbieta Lewandowska-Gnatowska ◽  
Grażyna Dobrowolska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Phosphatidic Acid ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Calcium Dependent Protein Kinase

In plant cells, phospholipids are not only membrane components but also act as second messengers interacting with various proteins and regulating diverse cellular processes, including stress signal transduction. Here, we report studies on the effects of various phospholipids on the activity and expression of maize wound-responsive calcium-dependent protein kinase (ZmCPK11). Our results revealed that in leaves treated with n-butanol, a potent inhibitor of phosphatidic acid (PA) synthesis catalyzed by phospholipase D, a significant decrease of ZmCPK11 activity was observed, indicating contribution of PA in the kinase activation. Using lipid binding assays, we demonstrate that among various phospholipids only saturated acyl species (16:0 and 18:0) of phosphatidic acid are able to bind to ZmCPK11. Saturated acyl species of PA are also able to stimulate phosphorylation of exogenous substrates by ZmCPK11 and autophosphorylation of the kinase. The level of ZmCPK11 autophosphorylation is correlated with its enzymatic activity. RT-PCR analysis showed that transcript level of ZmCPK11 in maize leaves increased in response to PA treatment. The influence of PA on the activity and transcript level of ZmCPK11 suggests an involvement of this kinase in a PA-mediated wound signal transduction pathway.

scholarly journals Reinforcement-based cognitive biases as vulnerability factors in alcohol addiction: From humans to animal models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Noworyta ◽  
Agata Cieslik ◽  
Rafal Rygula
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Alcohol Addiction ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
New Treatments

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most common but still poorly treated psychiatric conditions. Developing new treatments requires a better understanding of the aetiology of symptoms and evaluation of novel therapeutic targets in preclinical studies. Recent developments in our understanding of the reinforcement-based cognitive biases (RBCBs) that contribute to the development of AUD and its treatment offer new opportunities for both clinical and preclinical research. In this review, we first briefly describe psychological and cognitive theories that implicate various aspects of reinforcement sensitivity in the development, maintenance, and recurrence of alcohol addiction. Furthermore, in separate sections, we describe studies investigating RBCBs and their neural, neurochemical, and pharmacological correlates, and we discuss possible interactions between RBCBs and trajectories of AUD. Finally, we describe how recent translational studies using state-of-the-art animal models can facilitate our understanding of the role of reinforcement sensitivity and RBCBs in various aspects of AUD.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification of endogenous viral sequences in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Boutanaev ◽  
Lev G. Nemchinov
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Mottle ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Endogenous Viral Elements

AbstractEndogenous viral elements (EVEs) have been for the most part described in animals and to a less extent in plants. The endogenization was proposed to contribute toward evolution of living organisms via horizontal gene transfer of novel genetic material and resultant genetic diversity. During the last two decades, several full-length and fragmented EVEs of pararetroviral and non-retroviral nature have been identified in different plant genomes, both monocots and eudicots. Prior to this work, no EVEs have been reported in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), the most cultivated forage legume in the world. In this study, taking advantage of the most recent developments in the field of alfalfa research, we have assessed alfalfa genome on the presence of viral-related sequences. Our analysis revealed segmented EVEs resembling two dsDNA reverse-transcribing virus species: Soybean chlorotic mottle virus (family Caulimoviridae, genus Soymovirus) and Figwort mosaic virus (family Caulimoviridae, genus Caulimovirus). The EVEs appear to be stable constituents of the host genome and in that capacity could potentially acquire functional roles in alfalfa’s development and response to environmental stresses.

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