scholarly journals Causes of Energy Wastage in Cloud Data Centre Servers : A Survey

Author(s):  
Kenga Mosoti Derdus ◽  
Vincent Oteke Omwenga ◽  
Patrick Job Ogao

Datacenters are becoming the indispensable infrastructure for supporting the services offered by cloud computing. Unfortunately, datacenters consume a lot of energy, which currently stands at 3% of global electrical energy consumption. Consequently, cloud service providers (CSP) experience high operating costs (in terms of electricity bills), which is, in turn, passed to the cloud users. In addition, there is an increased emission of carbon dioxide to the environment. Before one embarks on addressing the problem of energy wastage in a datacenter, it is important to understand the causes of energy wastage in datacenter servers. In this paper, we elaborate on the concept of cloud computing and virtualization. Later, we present a survey of the main causes of energy wastage in datacenter servers as well as proposed solutions to address the problem.

The tradition of moving applications, data to be consumed by the applications and the data generated by the applications is increasing and the increase is due to the advantages of cloud computing. The advantages of cloud computing are catered to the application owners, application consumers and at the same time to the cloud datacentre owners or the cloud service providers also. Since IT tasks are vital for business progression, it for the most part incorporates repetitive or reinforcement segments and framework for power supply, data correspondences associations, natural controls and different security gadgets. An extensive data centre is a mechanical scale task utilizing as much power as a community. The primary advantage of pushing the applications on the cloud-based data centres are low infrastructure maintenance with significant cost reduction for the application owners and the high profitability for the data centre cloud service providers. During the application migration to the cloud data centres, the data and few components of the application become exposed to certain users. Also, the applications, which are hosted on the cloud data centres must comply with the certain standards for being accepted by various application consumers. In order to achieve the standard certifications, the applications and the data must be audited by various auditing companies. Few of the cases, the auditors are hired by the data centre owners and few of times, the auditors are engaged by application consumers. Nonetheless, in both situations, the auditors are third party and the risk of exposing business logics in the applications and the data always persists. Nevertheless, the auditor being a third-party user, the data exposure is a high risk. Also, in a data centre environment, it is highly difficult to ensure isolation of the data from different auditors, who may not be have the right to audit the data. Significant number of researches have attempted to provide a generic solution to this problem. However, the solutions are highly criticized by the research community for making generic assumptions during the permission verification process. Henceforth, this work produces a novel machine learning based algorithm to assign or grant audit access permissions to specific auditors in a random situation without other approvals based on the characteristics of the virtual machine, in which the application and the data is deployed, and the auditing user entity. The results of the proposed algorithm are highly satisfactory and demonstrates nearly 99% accuracy on data characteristics analysis, nearly 98% accuracy on user characteristics analysis and 100% accuracy on secure auditor selection process


Author(s):  
Shivani Bajaj

Energy Efficiency can be defined as reduction of energy used by a given service or level of activity. In spite of scale and complexity of data centre equipment it can be highly difficult to define the proper activity that could be examined for the efficiency of energy. So there can be four scenarios which may define within the system where the energy is not utilised in an efficient manner. The main goal of Cloud service providers is creation of usage of Cloud computing resources proficiently for efficient cloud computing. Cloud computing has many serious issues such as load manager, security and fault tolerance. This chapter discusses the energy efficient approaches in cloud computing environment. The energy efficiency has become the major concern for the service providers. In this chapter, the major concern is the high lightly of resource allocation challenges and there are some which will be given in the data center energy consumption. The focus is done on the power management task and even the virtualization of saving the energy.


Author(s):  
Shivani Bajaj

Energy Efficiency can be defined as reduction of energy used by a given service or level of activity. In spite of scale and complexity of data centre equipment it can be highly difficult to define the proper activity that could be examined for the efficiency of energy. So there can be four scenarios which may define within the system where the energy is not utilised in an efficient manner. The main goal of Cloud service providers is creation of usage of Cloud computing resources proficiently for efficient cloud computing. Cloud computing has many serious issues such as load manager, security and fault tolerance. This chapter discusses the energy efficient approaches in cloud computing environment. The energy efficiency has become the major concern for the service providers. In this chapter, the major concern is the high lightly of resource allocation challenges and there are some which will be given in the data center energy consumption. The focus is done on the power management task and even the virtualization of saving the energy.


Author(s):  
Nitin Vishnu Choudhari ◽  
Dr. Ashish B Sasankar

Abstract –Today Security issue is the topmost problem in the cloud computing environment. It leads to serious discomfort to the Governance and end-users. Numerous security solutions and policies are available however practically ineffective in use. Most of the security solutions are centered towards cloud technology and cloud service providers only and no consideration has been given to the Network, accessing, and device securities at the end-user level. The discomfort at the end-user level was left untreated. The security of the various public, private networks, variety of devices used by end-users, accessibility, and capacity of end-users is left untreated. This leads towards the strong need for the possible modification of the security architecture for data security at all levels and secured service delivery. This leads towards the strong need for the possible adaption of modified security measures and provisions, which shall provide secured hosting and service delivery at all levels and reduce the security gap between the cloud service providers and end-users. This paper investigates the study and analyze the security architecture in the Cloud environment of Govt. of India and suggest the modifications in the security architecture as per the changing scenario and to fulfill the future needs for the secured service delivery from central up to the end-user level. Keywords: Cloud Security, Security in GI Cloud, Cloud Security measures, Security Assessment in GI Cloud, Proposed Security for GI cloud


Author(s):  
VINITHA S P ◽  
GURUPRASAD E

Cloud computing has been envisioned as the next generation architecture of IT enterprise. It moves the application software and databases to the centralized large data centers where management of data and services may not be fully trustworthy. This unique paradigm brings out many new security challenges like, maintaining correctness and integrity of data in cloud. Integrity of cloud data may be lost due to unauthorized access, modification or deletion of data. Lacking of availability of data may be due to the cloud service providers (CSP), in order to increase their margin of profit by reducing the cost, CSP may discard rarely accessed data without detecting in timely fashion. To overcome above issues, flexible distributed storage, token utilizing, signature creations used to ensure integrity of data, auditing mechanism used assists in maintaining the correctness of data and also locating, identifying of server where exactly the data has been corrupted and also dependability and availability of data achieved through distributed storage of data in cloud. Further in order to ensure authorized access to cloud data a admin module has been proposed in our previous conference paper, which prevents unauthorized users from accessing data and also selective storage scheme based on different parameters of cloud servers proposed in previous paper, in order to provide efficient storage of data in the cloud. In order to provide more efficiency in this paper dynamic data operations are supported such as updating, deletion and addition of data.


Author(s):  
Вячеслав Вікторович Фролов

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern approaches that ensure the security of cloud services. Since cloud computing is one of the fastest growing areas among information technology, it is extremely important to ensure the safety and reliability of processes occurring in the clouds and to secure the interaction between the client and the provider of cloud services. Given that fears about data loss and their compromise are one of the main reasons that some companies do not transfer their calculations to the clouds. The object of research and analysis of this work are cloud services, which are provided by various cloud service providers. The aim of the study of this work is to compare existing approaches that provide information security for cloud services, as well as offer a new approach based on the principle of diversity. There are many approaches that ensure their safety, using both traditional and cloud-specific. The multi-cloud approach is one of the most promising strategies for improving reliability by reserving cloud resources on the servers of various cloud service providers. It is shown that it is necessary to use diversity to ensure the reliability and safety of critical system components. The principle of diversity is to use a unique version of each resource thanks to a special combination of a cloud computing provider, the geographical location of data centers, cloud service presentation models, and cloud infrastructure deployment models. The differences between cloud providers and which combination of services are preferable to others in terms of productivity are discussed in detail. In addition, best practices for securing cloud resources are reviewed. As a result, this paper concludes that there is a problem of insufficient security and reliability of cloud computing and how to reduce threats in order to avoid a common cause failure and, as a result, loss of confidential data or system downtime using diversity of cloud services.


Author(s):  
Mohammed Radi ◽  
Ali Alwan ◽  
Abedallah Abualkishik ◽  
Adam Marks ◽  
Yonis Gulzar

Cloud computing has become a practical solution for processing big data. Cloud service providers have heterogeneous resources and offer a wide range of services with various processing capabilities. Typically, cloud users set preferences when working on a cloud platform. Some users tend to prefer the cheapest services for the given tasks, whereas other users prefer solutions that ensure the shortest response time or seek solutions that produce services ensuring an acceptable response time at a reasonable cost. The main responsibility of the cloud service broker is identifying the best data centre to be used for processing user requests. Therefore, to maintain a high level of quality of service, it is necessity to develop a service broker policy that is capable of selecting the best data centre, taking into consideration user preferences (e.g. cost, response time). This paper proposes an efficient and cost-effective plan for a service broker policy in a cloud environment based on the concept of VIKOR. The proposed solution relies on a multi-criteria decision-making technique aimed at generating an optimized solution that incorporates user preferences. The simulation results show that the proposed policy outperforms most recent policies designed for the cloud environment in many aspects, including processing time, response time, and processing cost. KEYWORDS Cloud computing, data centre selection, service broker, VIKOR, user priorities


Author(s):  
Theo Lynn

Abstract Cloud computing is the dominant paradigm in modern computing, used by billions of Internet users worldwide. It is a market dominated by a small number of hyperscale cloud service providers. The overwhelming majority of cloud customers agree to standard form click-wrap contracts, with no opportunity to negotiate specific terms and conditions. Few cloud customers read the contracts that they agree to. It is clear that contracts in cloud computing are primarily an instrument of control benefiting one side, the cloud service provider. This chapter provides an introduction to the relationship between psychological trust, contracts and contract law. It also offers an overview of the key contract law issues that arise in cloud computing and introduces some emerging paradigms in cloud computing and contracts.


2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Lu ◽  
John Panneerselvam ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
Yan Wu

Given the increasing deployments of Cloud datacentres and the excessive usage of server resources, their associated energy and environmental implications are also increasing at an alarming rate. Cloud service providers are under immense pressure to significantly reduce both such implications for promoting green computing. Maintaining the desired level of Quality of Service (QoS) without violating the Service Level Agreement (SLA), whilst attempting to reduce the usage of the datacentre resources is an obvious challenge for the Cloud service providers. Scaling the level of active server resources in accordance with the predicted incoming workloads is one possible way of reducing the undesirable energy consumption of the active resources without affecting the performance quality. To this end, this paper analyzes the dynamic characteristics of the Cloud workloads and defines a hierarchy for the latency sensitivity levels of the Cloud workloads. Further, a novel workload prediction model for energy efficient Cloud Computing is proposed, named RVLBPNN (Rand Variable Learning Rate Backpropagation Neural Network) based on BPNN (Backpropagation Neural Network) algorithm. Experiments evaluating the prediction accuracy of the proposed prediction model demonstrate that RVLBPNN achieves an improved prediction accuracy compared to the HMM and Naïve Bayes Classifier models by a considerable margin.


Author(s):  
Jayashree K ◽  
Babu R ◽  
Chithambaramani R

The Internet of Things (IoT) architecture has gained an increased amount of attention from academia as well as the industry sector as a significant methodology for the development of innovative applications and systems. Currently, the merging of this architecture with that of Cloud computing has been largely motivated by the need for various applications and infrastructures in IoT. In addition to this, the Cloud ascends as an eminent solution that would help solve various challenges that are faced by the IoT standard when varied physical devices. There are an excessive number of Cloud service providers the web along with many other services. Thus, it becomes critical to choose the provider who can be efficient, consistent, and suitable, and who can deliver the best Quality of Service (QoS). Thus, this chapter discusses QoS for cloud computing and IoT.


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