scholarly journals Hydrodynamics of Palu Bay during the Event of 2018 Palu Earthquake and Tsunami

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Semeidi Husrin ◽  
Fatimah Yasmin Azahra ◽  
Joko Prihantono ◽  
Armyanda Tussadiah ◽  
Rizal Abida
Keyword(s):  
Arrival Time ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Hydrodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Submarine Landslides ◽  
Tsunami Simulation ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
2018 Sulawesi Earthquake ◽  
The City

The devastation of coastal area in Palu Bay few minutes after the September 28th, 2018 Sulawesi earthquake showed high variation of tsunami arrival time as well as the tsunami run-up and inundation. Recent findings showed that both local submarine landslides and the normal-slip components inside the Palu Bay may contribute to the generation of tsunami. However, the fact that the event occurred during high tide, the hydrodynamic characteristics of this narrow bay and their role in the dynamics of the generated of tsunami were unknown. Hydrodynamics simulation (Mike21-flow model) using the latest available bathymetry field data (the 2018 deep water of the Indonesian navy data and 2015 shallow water of the BIG data) was conducted to investigate the variation of sea levels and tidal currents within the bay during the event of earthquake and tsunami or within the first 8 minutes timeframe. Results showed that significant increase of water elevation up to 6 cm and current velocity up to 1 cm/s directed towards the city of Palu were observed that may contribute to the dynamics of the tsunami e.g. the speed of tsunami arrival time and the transformation of tsunami. Therefore, considering that multiple tsunami arrivals were in few minutes after the earthquakes, the hydrodynamics of Palu Bay during the event should also be considered in future tsunami simulation scenarios.

Tsunami and Seismic Damage Caused by the Earthquake Off Iquique, Chile, in April, 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 1640003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Tomita ◽  
Kentaro Kumagai ◽  
Cyril Mokrani ◽  
Rodrigo Cienfuegos ◽  
Hisashi Matsui
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Damage ◽  
South American ◽  
Nazca Plate ◽  
South American Plate ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
Straight Line Distance ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
The City

On Tuesday, April 1, 2014, at 8:46 p.m. local time in Chile, a subduction earthquake of Mw 8.2 occurred about 100[Formula: see text]km northwest of the city of Iquique, where the Nazca plate subducts beneath the South American plate. This earthquake triggered a tsunami, which hit coastal areas in northern Chile. A joint Japan–Chile team conducted a post-tsunami field survey to measure the height of the tsunami traces and to investigate the damage caused by the earthquake and tsunami. Based on measurements of the tsunami traces, it is estimated that a tsunami 3–4[Formula: see text]m in height hit the coast from Arica, which is near the border between Chile and Peru, to Patache, south of Iquique, a straight-line distance of approximately 260[Formula: see text]km. The tsunami caused only minor inundations near shorelines, and caused no damage to buildings because living spaces were higher than the tsunami run-up height. Seismic damage was more extensive than that caused by the tsunami, especially in Iquique, and included the destruction of houses, buildings, and other infrastructure. It also ignited fires. In the Port of Iquique, a wharf, before earthquake-resistant improvements were implemented, was destroyed by the strong ground motions that resulted from the earthquake.

scholarly journals High-resolution modeling of tsunami run-up flooding: a case study of flooding in Kamaishi city, Japan, induced by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1871-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Akoh ◽  
Tadaharu Ishikawa ◽  
Takashi Kojima ◽  
Mahito Tomaru ◽  
Shiro Maeno
Keyword(s):  
Digital Data ◽  
Tsunami Propagation ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
2011 Tohoku Tsunami ◽  
Inundation Depth ◽  
Building Footprint ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Tohoku Tsunami ◽  
The City

Abstract. Run-up processes of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami into the city of Kamaishi, Japan, were simulated numerically using 2-D shallow water equations with a new treatment of building footprints. The model imposes an internal hydraulic condition of permeable and impermeable walls at the building footprint outline on unstructured triangular meshes. Digital data of the building footprint approximated by polygons were overlaid on a 1.0 m resolution terrain model. The hydraulic boundary conditions were ascertained using conventional tsunami propagation calculation from the seismic center to nearshore areas. Run-up flow calculations were conducted under the same hydraulic conditions for several cases having different building permeabilities. Comparison of computation results with field data suggests that the case with a small amount of wall permeability gives better agreement than the case with impermeable condition. Spatial mapping of an indicator for run-up flow intensity (IF = (hU2)max, where h and U respectively denote the inundation depth and flow velocity during the flood, shows fairly good correlation with the distribution of houses destroyed by flooding. As a possible mitigation measure, the influence of the buildings on the flow was assessed using a numerical experiment for solid buildings arrayed alternately in two lines along the coast. Results show that the buildings can prevent seawater from flowing straight to the city center while maintaining access to the sea.

scholarly journals High-resolution modeling of tsunami run-up flooding: A case study of flooding in Kamaishi City, Japan, induced by the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Akoh ◽  
Tadaharu Ishikawa ◽  
Takashi Kojima ◽  
Mahito Tomaru ◽  
Shiro Maeno
Keyword(s):  
Digital Data ◽  
Tsunami Propagation ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
2011 Tohoku Tsunami ◽  
Building Footprint ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Tohoku Tsunami ◽  
The City

Abstract. Run-up processes of 2011 Tohoku Tsunami into the city of Kamaishi, Japan, were simulated numerically using 2D shallow equations with a new treatment of building footprints. The model imposes the internal hydraulic condition of permeable/impermeable walls at the building footprint outline on unstructured triangular meshes. Digital data of the building footprint approximated by polygons were overlaid on a 1.0 m resolution terrain model. The hydraulic boundary conditions were ascertained by conventional tsunami propagation calculation from the seismic center to nearshore areas. Run-up flow calculations were conducted under the same hydraulic conditions for several cases with different building permeabilities. Comparison of computation results with field data suggests that the case with a small amount of wall permeability gives better agreement than the case of impermeable condition. Spatial mapping of an indicator for run-up flow intensity (Z = Umax × Hmax) shows fairly good correlation with the distribution of houses destroyed by flooding. Results of numerical experiments show that concrete buildings arrayed alternately in two lines can prevent seawater from flowing straight to the city center while maintaining access to the sea. The Z value was significantly lower on streets where many houses were destroyed by the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami.

scholarly journals NEAR-FIELD TSUNAMI HAZARD MAP PADANG, WEST SUMATRA: UTILIZING HIGH RESOLUTION GEOSPATIAL DATA AND RESEASONABLE SOURCE SCENARIOS

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (32) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Schlurmann ◽  
Widjo Kongko ◽  
Nils Goseberg ◽  
Danny Hilman Natawidjaja ◽  
Kerry Sieh
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
Tsunami Propagation ◽  
Inundation Area ◽  
Western Shore ◽  
Run Up ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Evacuation Routes ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
The City

Near-field tsunami propagation both in shallow water environments and bore-like wave propagation on land are conducted in this study to obtain fundamental knowledge on the tsunami hazard potential in the city of Padang, Western Sumatra, Republic of Indonesia. As the region proves a huge seismic moment deficit which has progressively accumulated since the last recorded major earthquakes in 1797 and 1833, this investigation focuses on most reasonable seismic sources and possibly triggered nearshore tsunamis in order to develop upgraded disaster mitigations programs in this densely-populated urban agglomeration located on the western shore of Sumatra Island. Observations from continuous Global Positioning Satellite (cGPS) systems and supplementary coral growth studies confirm a much greater probability of occurrence that a major earthquake and subsequent tsunami are likely to strike the region in the near future. Newly surveyed and processed sets of geodata have been collected and used to progress most plausible rupture scenarios to approximate the extent and magnitudes of a further earthquake. Based upon this novel understanding, the present analysis applies two hydronumerical codes to simulate most probable tsunami run-up and subsequent inundations in the city of Padang in very fine resolution. Run-up heights and flow-depths are determined stemming from these most plausible rupture scenarios. Evaluation of outcome and performance of both numerical tools regarding impacts of surge flow and bore-like wave fronts encountering the coast and inundating the city are thoroughly carried out. Results are discussed not only for further scientific purposes, i.e. benchmark tests, but also to disseminate main findings to responsible authorities in Padang with the objective to distribute the most probable dataset of plausible tsunami inundations as well as to address valuable insights and knowledge for effective counter measures, i.e. evacuation routes and shelter building. Following evacuation simulations based on rational assumptions and simplifications reveal a most alerting result as about 260.000 people are living in the highly exposed potential tsunami inundation area in the city of Padang of which more than 90.000 people will need more than 30 min. to evacuate to safe areas.

scholarly journals Tsunami level disaster based on simulation scenario of earthquake modeling and seismicity in South Bali 2010-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Fatmawati Fatmawati ◽  
I Made Yuliara ◽  
Ganis Riandhita ◽  
Febriyanti Jia Kelo ◽  
Audrey Vellicia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arrival Time ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
Tsunami Modeling ◽  
Tsunami Waves ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The North ◽  
Simulation Scenario ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

Bali is one of the areas prone to earthquakes and tsunamis because it is located in the meeting area of ??two plates namely the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates located in the south of Bali and a back-arc trust zone located in the north of Bali. Research has been carried out on tsunami hazard level analysis based on scenario modeling and earthquake seismicity in southern Bali. This study uses earthquake data in January 2010 - July 2018. Tsunami prone areas in southern Bali are Klungkung district, Nusa Penida, Kuta beach, Sanur beach, Tabanan and Gianyar districts. The research conducted aims to determine the level of tsunami hazard by looking at the tsunami run up and arrival time in the southern region of Bali. This simulation model uses 1427 data which is then processed using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) software so that seismicity maps are obtained, and tsunami modeling uses the Tsunami Observation and Simulation Terminal (TOAST) software. The results obtained from the tsunami modeling simulation in the form of altitude (run up) and tsunami wave arrival time (arrival time) which have an average value of 1,385 - 2,776 meters with an arrival time of 20-24 minutes. The tsunami hazard level is obtained in scenario A with a magnitude of 7.5 which has a maximum value of <1 meter (low) and scenario B with a magnitude of 7.8 has a maximum tsunami run-up value of 1-3 meters (medium) and in scenario C with a magnitude 8.0 has a maximum run-up of tsunami waves of 1 - 3 meters (medium).

scholarly journals The Run up Tsunami Modeling in Bengkulu using the Spatial Interpolation of Kriging Technique

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulian Fauzi ◽  
Suwarsono Suwarsono ◽  
Zulfia Memi Mayasari
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
Kriging Interpolation ◽  
Tsunami Inundation ◽  
Kriging Interpolation Method ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
The City ◽  
Flooded Areas

This research aims to design a tsunami hazard zone with the scenario of tsunami run-up height variation based on land use, slope and distance from the shoreline. The method used in this research is spatial modelling with GIS via Ordinary Kriging interpolation technique. Kriging interpolation method that is the best in this study is shown by Circular Kriging method with good semivariogram and RMSE values which are small compared to other RMSE kriging methods. The results shows that the area affected by the tsunami inundation run-up height, slope and land use. In the run-up to 30 meters, flooded areas are about 3,148.99 hectares or 20.7% of the total area of the city of Bengkulu.

scholarly journals Review Study on Location Plan of Temporary Shelter for Tsunami Disaster in Kuta Bay of Central Lombok

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Adi Mawardin
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Arrival Time ◽  
Tsunami Wave ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Evacuation Simulation ◽  
Tsunami Disaster ◽  
Magnitude Variation ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

Historical record showed in 1977, tsunami attacked Lombok and caused extensive damages due to tectonic activity. Kuta Bay located in the southern area of Lombok has a high risk of earthquake and tsunami, thus mitigation plan on tsunami attack is very important. This study aimed to determine the arrival time, run-up height of tsunami and the coverage areas, so it could be used to determine the temporary shelter location (Tempat Evakuasi Sementara-TES). Simulation of the tsunami wave propagation used the TUNAMI modified (beta version) program with three scenarios of earthquake magnitude variation (Mw), namely 7.7, 8.1, 8.3, and 7.9 (based on the Sumba earthquake event in 1977). Field surveys, questionnaire distributions, and interviews were used in determining input parameters of Tsunami Evacuation Simulation (Simulasi Evakuasi Tsunami-SET) by using 2011 EVACUWARE 1.0 version. Tsunami wave propagation simulation showed the tsunami arrival time on Kuta Bay ranged between 21 - 38 minutes. Tsunami run-up height was about 1.01 - 8.71 meters along Kuta Bay, with the farthest distance of inundation was 860 meters from the seashore. The percentage of survivors based on SET results in scenario 1 and 2 for 20 minutes of evacuation time were respectively, 63.62% and 93.27%.

scholarly journals The Effects of Sub-Faults Strike Direction and Landslide Energy on the Propagation of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiko Setyonegoro ◽  
Febty Febriani ◽  
Muzli Muzli ◽  
Pepen Supendi ◽  
Rahmat Setyo Yuliatmoko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Scaling Law ◽  
Tohoku Earthquake ◽  
Submarine Landslides ◽  
Simulation Design ◽  
Tsunami Propagation ◽  
The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake ◽  
Tsunami Simulation ◽  
Strike Direction ◽  
Run Up

Abstract We carried out a tsunami simulation of the 2011 (Mw 9.0) Tohoku earthquake. We analyze the tsunami run-up modeling by applying additional variables to seismic moment and moment magnitude equation to find out what extent it affects of sub-faults strike direction and landslide energy to tsunami propagation. To investigate the accuracy of run-up and inundation of the tsunami, we processed and analyzed the mainshock and aftershocks by applying scaling law method and inundation equation. We applied the aftershocks data to determine the wide area of the fault. The fault is divided into several sub-faults to make simulation design and scaling formulation adjustment. Each of sub-faults strike direction on simulation design has a different energy one another, which is determined by the strike direction of each fault position. Furthermore, we calculated the affects of submarine landslides on tsunami propagation. To obtain the variable of resultant energy of earthquake and landslide it performed by using the law of mechanical energy conservation. We applied both L-2008 and ComMIT tools for processing tsunami simulation modeling. The result presents that the sub-fault strike direction and landslide energy can increase the propagation energy of the tsunami waves.

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