Climate change and natural gas: what is the relation?

Author(s):  
Massimo Tavoni
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Donald Wright

‘Norths’ distinguishes between the real northern Canada and its imagined north. The frozen north is a symbol of Canada that appears in songs, art, and literature. The actual north is rich in mineral resources, creating phenomena like the Klondike gold rush of the late 19th century. Other regions are rich in oil and natural gas. Fifty per cent of Canada is permafrost, making its landscape particularly vulnerable to climate change. This intensifies old questions about sovereignty, with the world’s Arctic powers engaged in a new gold rush. With shrinking glaciers appearing in both headlines and literature, the landscapes of the real and the imagined north are changing.


Significance Interest in hydrogen stems mainly from a recognition that global markets and regulation will change, rather than domestic pressure for climate change mitigation. Natural gas producer Gazprom, liquified natural gas (LNG) specialist Novatek and government-controlled nuclear and hydroelectric companies Rosatom and Rusgidro are expected to play leading roles, but ambitions are modest. Impacts Hydrogen development will be led by firms with interests in natural gas or electricity, both key inputs. The German-Russian Chamber of Commerce will push hydrogen development as a way of marrying bilateral expertise and capacity. There is talk of using the Nord Stream 2 pipeline to carry a hydrogen-methane mix, or even of a dedicated third pipeline.


Author(s):  
U.P. Igboanusi ◽  
J.U. Okere

Natural gas hydrates are ice-like materials which exist in permafrost regions and in the continental margins of oceans. They constitute a huge unconventional reservoir of natural gas around the globe including offshore Nigeria. The paper is a review of this important global resource with particular focus on the Nigerian deposits. The reasons for the interest on hydrates are discussed including the potential for the recovery of large quantities of methane, the climate change and ocean floor instability that may result from their dissociation. They may also be exploited for large-scale CO2 sequestration. The geographical distribution of hydrates deposits on earth, the thermodynamics of why they occur in those particular places and source of the methane gas that is eventually enchlathrated into hydrates are discussed. The natural gas in the Nigerian hydrate is essentially biogenic in origin and is almost pure methane (more than 99% methane). The hydrates exist in finely disseminated or massive aggregate forms within clay-rich sediment.


Significance The Paris Agreement will enter into force on November 4, ahead of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) annual Conference of Parties (COP22) meeting in Marrakech, Morocco, which begins the following week. The two thresholds for entry into force -- more than 55 countries ratifying, accounting for 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions -- were met in early October. Impacts Activist states will continue to advance Paris-complementary measures in non-UNFCCC settings. The Paris Agreement's entry into force means that a signatory government can only withdraw in four years' time. However, a national leader willing to bear the diplomatic fallout could nevertheless undermine the pact through inaction and backsliding. The natural gas sector is a likely beneficiary of incremental international emissions reduction efforts.


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