The social-cultural context of risk evaluation. An exploration of the interplay between cultural models of the social environment and parental control on the risk evaluation expressed by a sample of adolescents

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Venuleo ◽  
Piergiorgio Mossi ◽  
Simone Rollo

Author(s):  
Claudia Venuleo ◽  
Piergiorgio Mossi ◽  
Sara Calogiuri

We aimed in this study to analyse how impulsivity and depression are related to hazardous gambling and drinking, while taking into account the moderating effects of the cultural models that people use to interpret their social environment. Cultural models, impulsivity, depression, hazardous gambling, and drinking were assessed in a convenience sample of 329 subjects recruited in three contexts (university, health services and support settings, venues for gambling and drinking) in South-eastern Italy. Mixed models were used to explore the influence of the different variables separately and the interaction between cultural models and the other predictive variables (impulsivity and depression). The findings show that different cultural models of the social environment are related to different probabilities of hazardous drinking and gambling. Heavy drinkers and gamblers tend to perceive their social world as an extremely anomic environment. In the case of hazardous drinking, this critical view of the social environment is associated with lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking, and depression. In the case of gambling, this view is associated with sensation seeking and depression. Moreover, the way in which the participants evaluated the social environment was found to moderate the influence of depression in hazardous drinking and of sensation seeking in hazardous gambling. The findings of this exploratory study offer support to the idea that exploring cultural factors and how they combine with other psychological and psychosocial risk factors may promote a better understanding of people’s engagement in hazardous behaviours.RésuméDans cette étude, notre objectif était d’analyser le lien entre impulsivité et dépression, d’une part, et les risques de jeu et la consommation d’alcool, d’autre part, tout en tenant compte des effets modérateurs des modèles culturels que les gens utilisent pour interpréter leur environnement social. Les modèles culturels, l’impulsivité, la dépression, le jeu à risque et la consommation d’alcool ont été évalués sur un échantillon de commodité de 339 sujets recrutés dans trois contextes différents (université, services de santé et structures de soutien, lieux de jeu et de consommation d’alcool), dans le sud de l’Italie. Pour explorer séparément l’influence des différentes variables et l’interaction entre les modèles culturels et les autres variables prédictives (impulsivité et dépression), on a utilisé des modèles mixtes. Les résultats montrent que différents modèles culturels d’environnement social sont liés à différentes probabilités de consommation dangereuse d’alcool et de jeu problématique. Les gros buveurs et les joueurs excessifs ont tendance à percevoir leur monde social comme un environnement extrêmement anomique. Dans le cas de la consommation abusive d’alcool, cette vision critique de l’environnement social est associée à un manque de préméditation, à un manque de persévérance, à la recherche de sensations et à la dépression. Dans le cas de problème de jeu, ce point de vue est associé à la recherche de sensations et à la dépression. De plus, on a démontré que la manière dont les participants évaluaient l’environnement social diminuait l’influence de la dépression liée à une consommation d’alcool abusive et de la recherche de sensations fortes dans le jeu problématique. Les résultats de cette étude exploratoire sous-tendent l’idée voulant que l’exploration de facteurs culturels et la manière dont ils se combinent à d’autres facteurs de risque psychologiques et psychosociaux permettent de mieux comprendre la propension des personnes à adopter des comportements à risque.



2019 ◽  
pp. 211-230
Author(s):  
V. M. Golovko

The article considers the female type of an émancipée as a marker of artistic historism in A. Pleshcheev’s socially oriented story Vocation [Prizvanie] (1860) and I. Turgenev’s multiple-level novel Fathers and Sons [Otsy i deti] (1862). The author shows the typological and individual interpretations of female emancipation by the two peers. The article reveals how the progressive aspirations of ‘the young intelligentsia’, ‘the people of the 1860s’, are debased by incidental rituals and cultural staging, as epitomized in the émancipée characters of Krzhechinskaya and Kukshina. The author argues that both works approach the ‘women’s problem’ as a relevant issue in the social and cultural context of the 1860s, and analyze manifestations of mock progressiveness in the form of alternative cultural models of behavior, very typical of the collective practices among ‘imitators’ of ‘the new social forces’. Pleshcheev and Turgenev contrast genuinely new cultural modes of behaviour with ostentatious and mocking ‘cultural staging’.



Author(s):  
Jarrod White ◽  
Lenore Manderson ◽  
Louise Newman ◽  
Glenn Melvin

Abstract Responses to deeply traumatic events vary according to cultural context, yet we have little insight into why these discrepancies occur. In order to explore cultural variation in models of trauma, we draw on data from semi-structured interviews with Sudanese refugees (n = 12) and with Holocaust survivors (n = 13) in Melbourne, Australia. Using descriptive phenomenological analysis, we examine the similarities and differences between the two groups. Group differences were found in the meaning of traumatic memory, the communication of somatoform symptoms in the Sudanese-refugee group only, conceptions of self after the traumatic event and the relationship change with the social world. Similarities included the persistence of traumatic memory, an impact on identity, a change in one’s relationship with the social world and the emergence of existential anxiety. The findings contribute to uncovering delineation points between cultural models for understanding trauma, while simultaneously presenting a potential cross-cultural language useful for understanding trauma.



First Monday ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacquelyn Burkell ◽  
Chandell Gosse

In the last year and a half, deepfakes have garnered a lot of attention as the newest form of digital manipulation. While not problematic in and of itself, deepfake technology exists in a social environment rife with cybermisogyny, toxic-technocultures, and attitudes that devalue, objectify, and use women’s bodies against them. The basic technology, which in fact embodies none of these characteristics, is deployed within this harmful environment to produce problematic outcomes, such as the creation of fake and non-consensual pornography. The sophisticated technology and metaphysical nature of deepfakes as both real and not real (the body of one person, the face of another) makes them impervious to many technical, legal, and regulatory solutions. For these same reasons, defining the harm deepfakes causes to those targeted is similarly difficult and very often targets of deepfakes are not afforded the protection they require. We argue that it is important to put an emphasis on the social and cultural attitudes that underscore the nefarious use of deepfakes and thus to adopt a more material-based approach, opposed to technological, to understanding the harm presented by deepfakes.



1983 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
Louise Cherry Wilkinson


1991 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-147
Author(s):  
Mollie B. Condra




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