scholarly journals Evaluación de un protocolo automatizado para la obtención de medidas morfométricas de huevos de aves a partir de fotografías digitales

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
V. M. Ramírez–Arrieta ◽  
D. Denis ◽  
Y. Ferrer–Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Error ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Automated Extraction ◽  
Significant Saving ◽  
R Language ◽  
Web App ◽  
Average Estimation Error ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Chicken Eggs

Evaluation of a protocol for automated extraction of morphometric measurements from avian eggs using digital photography As many ecomorphological studies are limited by the time required to gather manual measurement data, automatizing the process is an important focus of methodological innovations. We developed, implemented and validated a protocol for the semi–automated extraction of a set of morphometric variables of egg size and shape from digital pictures. The protocol was implemented in R language as a web app called OvometriK. After binarizing and calibrating images, this protocol uses geometric and trigonometric functions to calculate eleven egg variables. We tested calculations in several ways, assuming contour continuity or using voxel counts. Application was validated with geometric shapes and 30 manually–measured chicken eggs. Mathematical validation with spheres showed that the algorithm provided high precision diameter measures, with a correlation of 99.9 %. Average estimation error was 1.4 %. The mathematical volume estimation was underestimated by 27 %, while voxels were underestimated by only 6 %. Differences between manual egg measurements of diameters and those obtained from images was less than 3 mm (4 %). Correlation between estimated volume and measured by silica gel filling was higher than 90 % using the voxel count method. Neither inclination angle or picture resolution had significant effects on precision (3.2 % maximum difference). Measures showed high repeatability and represent a significant saving in processing time. This new protocol represents an improvement on previous programs regarding limitations of platform, accessibility and number of variables. Furthermore, its flexibility and openness means it can be adapted to other specific applications.

Pressure-Based Soft Sensors for Fast Volume Estimation

2013 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 210-215
Author(s):  
Xiao Meng Tong ◽  
Mao Lin Cai
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Error ◽  
Ideal Gas ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Fast Method ◽  
Soft Sensors ◽  
Ideal Gas Law ◽  
Sensor Technique ◽  
Average Estimation Error ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship

To acquire a fast method for better volume estimation, a novel soft sensor technique is proposed in this paper. Based on the principle of energy conservation as well as the ideal gas law, mathematical models of charging and discharging process are set up. Afterwards, simulations are carried out to explore the relationship between the estimated volume and the pressure stable time. Finally, experiments with different pneumatic cylinders are conducted to select the suitable estimation mode and also optimize the parameters. Results show that in discharging mode, the average estimation error for volume estimation can be less than 4% with both low pressure and high pressure, making this method quite suitable for industrial application.

Assessment of 2D ultrasound fluid volume estimation accuracy in different shaped objects: an in vitro study

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-259
Author(s):  
Iroshani Kodikara ◽  
Iroshini Abeysekara ◽  
Dhanusha Gamage ◽  
Isurani Ilayperuma
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Error ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
Actual Volume ◽  
2D Ultrasound ◽  
One Way Anova

Background Volume estimation of organs using two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography is frequently warranted. Considering the influence of estimated volume on patient management, maintenance of its high accuracy is empirical. However, data are scarce regarding the accuracy of estimated volume of non-globular shaped objects of different volumes. Purpose To evaluate the volume estimation accuracy of different shaped and sized objects using high-end 2D ultrasound scanners. Material and Methods Globular (n=5); non-globular elongated (n=5), and non-globular near-spherical shaped (n=4) hollow plastic objects were scanned to estimate the volumes; actual volumes were compared with estimated volumes. T-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare means; P<0.05 was considered significant. Results The actual volumes of the objects were in the range of 10–445 mL; estimated volumes ranged from 6.4–425 mL ( P=0.067). The estimated volume was lower than the actual volume; such volume underestimation was marked for non-globular elongated objects. Regardless of the scanner, the highest volume estimation error was for non-globular elongated objects (<40%) followed by non-globular near-spherical shaped objects (<23.88%); the lowest was for globular objects (<3.6%). Irrespective of the shape or the volume of the object, volume estimation difference among the scanners was not significant: globular (F=0.430, P=0.66); non-globular elongated (F=3.69, P=0.064); and non-globular near-spherical (F=4.00, P=0.06). A good inter-rater agreement (R=0.99, P<0.001) and a good correlation between actual versus estimated volumes (R=0.98, P<0.001) were noted. Conclusion The 2D ultrasonography can be recommended for volume estimation purposes of different shaped and different sized objects, regardless the type of the high-end scanner used.

RF Vital Sign Sensing under Free Body Movement

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Jian Gong ◽  
Xinyu Zhang ◽  
Kaixin Lin ◽  
Ju Ren ◽  
Yaoxue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vital Sign ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Motion Artifacts ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Training Scheme ◽  
Pattern Movement ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Average Estimation Error

Radio frequency (RF) sensors such as radar are instrumental for continuous, contactless sensing of vital signs, especially heart rate (HR) and respiration rate (RR). However, decades of related research mainly focused on static subjects, because the motion artifacts from other body parts may easily overwhelm the weak reflections from vital signs. This paper marks a first step in enabling RF vital sign sensing under ambulant daily living conditions. Our solution is inspired by existing physiological research that revealed the correlation between vital signs and body movement. Specifically, we propose to combine direct RF sensing for static instances and indirect vital sign prediction based on movement power estimation. We design customized machine learning models to capture the sophisticated correlation between RF signal pattern, movement power, and vital signs. We further design an instant calibration and adaptive training scheme to enable cross-subjects generalization, without any explicit data labeling from unknown subjects. We prototype and evaluate the framework using a commodity radar sensor. Under a variety of moving conditions, our solution demonstrates an average estimation error of 5.57 bpm for HR and 3.32 bpm for RR across multiple subjects, which largely outperforms state-of-the-art systems.

scholarly journals Practical Fingerprinting Localization for Indoor Positioning System by Using Beacons

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Subedi ◽  
Jae-Young Pyun
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Error ◽  
Indoor Positioning ◽  
Location Estimation ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Ultra Wideband ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Localization Method ◽  
Weighted Centroid Localization ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Indoor Positioning System

Recent developments in the fields of smartphones and wireless communication technologies such as beacons, Wi-Fi, and ultra-wideband have made it possible to realize indoor positioning system (IPS) with a few meters of accuracy. In this paper, an improvement over traditional fingerprinting localization is proposed by combining it with weighted centroid localization (WCL). The proposed localization method reduces the total number of fingerprint reference points over the localization space, thus minimizing both the time required for reading radio frequency signals and the number of reference points needed during the fingerprinting learning process, which eventually makes the process less time-consuming. The proposed positioning has two major steps of operation. In the first step, we have realized fingerprinting that utilizes lightly populated reference points (RPs) and WCL individually. Using the location estimated at the first step, WCL is run again for the final location estimation. The proposed localization technique reduces the number of required fingerprint RPs by more than 40% compared to normal fingerprinting localization method with a similar localization estimation error.

GET: A Function for Preferential Site Selection of Additional Borehole Drilling

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. HASSANIPAK ◽  
M. SHARAFODIN
Keyword(s):  
Site Selection ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Central Iran ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Preferential Site ◽  
Borehole Drilling ◽  
Average Estimation Error ◽  
Linear Product ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The essential aims of additional borehole drilling are to improve the reliability of grade and tonnage estimates in each reserve class and to increase ore tonnages. The “GET” function presented in this paper considers strategies for achieving both of these goals simultaneously, and therefore is advantageous for selecting sites for additional boreholes. The “GET” function is either a linear or a non-linear product of three variables G, E, and T: f(G,E,T,) = GαEβTγ where the values of any or all of the exponents α, β, and γ may differ from unity at the discretion of the user. G and E are the average estimated block grade and the average estimation error for ore blocks in one vertical column, and T is the compounded ore thickness within the column. To illustrate its utility, the GET function has been used for determination of the most advantageous sites for additional drilling in the Shah-Kuh Pb-Zn deposit in west central Iran.

scholarly journals Multi Objective for PMU Placement in Compressed Distribution Network Considering Cost and Accuracy of State Estimation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kong ◽  
Wang ◽  
Yuan ◽  
Yu
Keyword(s):  
State Estimation ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Pareto Set ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Pmu Placement

A phasor measurement unit (PMU) can provide phasor measurements to the distribution network to improve observability. Based on pre-configuration and existing measurements, a network compression method is proposed to reduce PMU candidate locations. Taking the minimum number of PMUs and the lowest state estimation error as the objective functions and taking full observability of distribution network as the constraint, a multi objective model of optimal PMU placement (OPP) is proposed. A hybrid state estimator based on supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and PMU measurements is proposed. To reduce the number of PMUs required for full observability, SCADA measurement data are also considered into the constraint by update and equivalent. In addition, a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) is applied to solve the model to get the Pareto set. Finally, the optimal solution is selected from the Pareto set by the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by IEEE standard bus systems.

A Simplified Method of Sampling Logging Residue

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Constant Factor ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sampling Line ◽  
Logging Residue ◽  
Time Required

The line intersect technique for estimating the volume of logging residue was field tested in British Columbia from 1965 to 1967. Residual volumes could be satisfactorily estimated from two sets of sampling lines oriented at right angles. Angular orientation of the residue to the sampling lines could be represented by a constant factor on both tractor- and cable-logged areas.The only variable requiring measurement was the mean cross-sectional area of pieces intersected by a sampling line. When this was estimated by measuring the ends of each piece, the line-intersect method saved an average of 36 percent of the total sampling time required for volume estimation by conventional sample plots. A significant additional reduction in sampling time could be achieved by measuring the cross-sectional area of pieces at the plane of intersection with the sampling line. To avoid bias, this should be accompanied by a sub-sampling procedure involving measurement of end areas on 25 percent of the pieces. Using this sub-sampling procedure resulted in an average reduction of 55 percent of the plot-sampling time required.

scholarly journals Determination of the Optimum Time for Preparation of Half-Boiled Eggs Free from Salmonella Enterica Enteritidis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Mohamad Fithri Akmar Omar ◽  
Nurdiyana Syahirah Abdul Manaf ◽  
Siti Nurnajwa Nadhirah Mohd Sufian ◽  
Norsuhaida Zakaria ◽  
Nur Farhah Najwa Ayub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Chicken Eggs ◽  
Boiled Water

Introduction: Consuming half-boiled eggs during breakfast is popular among Malaysians. The eggs are usually prepared by submerging them in freshly boiled water for about 20 minutes duration. As chickens have the likelihood of harbouring Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis in their eggs, it is feared that consumption of half-boiled eggs contaminated with S. Enteritidis could lead to gastroenteritis. Hence, this study was carried out to determine the optimum time required for boiled water to kill S. Enteritidis in half-boiled eggs. Methods: Grade C chicken eggs (average weight 54.5 g) were obtained from a local sundry shop and were confirmed to be Salmonella-free prior to the experiment. Fifteen eggs that were previously spiked with 106 colony-forming units (CFU) of S. Enteritidis were completely submerged into freshly-boiled water (≈100ºC) for a maximum of 20 min. Positive controls consisted of eggs that were inoculated but were not treated. At every 5 min interval, three eggs were taken out and checked for presence of viable S. Enteritidis on MacConkey agar, and the respective water temperature was recorded. Results: Results of two independent trials showed that after 10 min of submerging the eggs in the hot water, there were an average of 3 log reductions in the CFU of S. Enteritidis but after 15 min, no viable S. Enteritidis was detected. Conclusion: A half-boiled egg should be prepared by submerging it in freshly boiled water for at least 15 min to ensure that it is safe to be consumed.

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