Assessment of 2D ultrasound fluid volume estimation accuracy in different shaped objects: an in vitro study

Background Volume estimation of organs using two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography is frequently warranted. Considering the influence of estimated volume on patient management, maintenance of its high accuracy is empirical. However, data are scarce regarding the accuracy of estimated volume of non-globular shaped objects of different volumes. Purpose To evaluate the volume estimation accuracy of different shaped and sized objects using high-end 2D ultrasound scanners. Material and Methods Globular (n=5); non-globular elongated (n=5), and non-globular near-spherical shaped (n=4) hollow plastic objects were scanned to estimate the volumes; actual volumes were compared with estimated volumes. T-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare means; P<0.05 was considered significant. Results The actual volumes of the objects were in the range of 10–445 mL; estimated volumes ranged from 6.4–425 mL ( P=0.067). The estimated volume was lower than the actual volume; such volume underestimation was marked for non-globular elongated objects. Regardless of the scanner, the highest volume estimation error was for non-globular elongated objects (<40%) followed by non-globular near-spherical shaped objects (<23.88%); the lowest was for globular objects (<3.6%). Irrespective of the shape or the volume of the object, volume estimation difference among the scanners was not significant: globular (F=0.430, P=0.66); non-globular elongated (F=3.69, P=0.064); and non-globular near-spherical (F=4.00, P=0.06). A good inter-rater agreement (R=0.99, P<0.001) and a good correlation between actual versus estimated volumes (R=0.98, P<0.001) were noted. Conclusion The 2D ultrasonography can be recommended for volume estimation purposes of different shaped and different sized objects, regardless the type of the high-end scanner used.

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Impact of volume calculation formulae on volume estimation accuracy of different shaped objects: an in vitro ultrasound and CT study

Acta Radiologica ◽

10.1177/0284185120901505 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 61 (10) ◽

pp. 1414-1420

Author(s):

Iroshani Kodikara ◽

Dhanusha Gamage ◽

Iroshini Abeysekara ◽

Isurani Ilayperuma

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Estimation Error ◽

Volume Estimation ◽

Estimation Accuracy ◽

Calculation Formula ◽

Linear Measurements ◽

Volume Calculation ◽

Actual Volume ◽

Length Width

Background In image-assisted volume estimation, the volume of the object is calculated with a formula, using linear measurements of the objects. Since the volume estimation accuracy is thought to be influenced by the shape of the object, the volume estimation error would be related to the calculation formula used. Purpose To evaluate the volume estimation accuracy of selected volume calculation formulae, for different shaped objects. Material and Methods Globular (n = 5), elongated (n = 5), and near-spherical shaped plastic objects (n = 5), filled with water were subjected to ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) in February 2018, to obtain the length, width, depth, and estimated volumes (EV). The volume was calculated manually using prolate, ellipsoid, and Lambert formulae. The actual volume (AV), EV, and calculated volumes were compared. Results The AV was in the range of 10–445 mL. The reliability of measurements was high as assessed by the intra-class variability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.992). The EV has shown a high correlation to AV (US: ρ = 0.914, P < 0.001; CT: ρ = 0.943, P < 0.001; ellipsoid: ρ = 0.876, P < 0.001; prolate: ρ = 0.891, P < 0.001; Lambert: ρ = 0.876, P < 0.001). Regardless of the shape, the highest and lowest estimation accuracies were reported for prolate (bias = −0.7) and Lambert formulae (bias = +23.3), respectively. By any method, the globular objects were estimated with the highest accuracy: (US [bias = −0.31]; CT [bias = −0.14]; ellipsoid [bias = −1.5]; prolate [bias = −0.7]; Lambert [bias = 32.9]); and elongated objects were estimated with the lowest accuracy: (US [bias = −17.5]; CT [bias = −32.6]; ellipsoid [bias = −18.4]; prolate [bias = −0.3]; Lambert [bias = 11.4]). Conclusion The shape of the object and the calculation formula used has an impact on the volume estimation accuracy.

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Depth-Related Curing Potential of Ormocer- and Dimethacrylate-Based Bulk-Fill Composites

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14226753 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (22) ◽

pp. 6753

Author(s):

Ramona S. Oltramare ◽

Reto Odermatt ◽

Phoebe Burrer ◽

Thomas Attin ◽

Tobias T. Tauböck

Keyword(s):

Double Bond ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

High Viscosity ◽

Degree Of Conversion ◽

Double Bond Conversion ◽

Nanohybrid Composite ◽

Post Hoc ◽

One Way Anova

The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the degree of C=C double bond conversion of high-viscosity dimethacrylate- or ormocer-based bulk-fill composites as a function of measurement depth. Four bulk-fill composites (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, x-tra fil, SonicFill, and Bulk Ormocer) and the conventional nanohybrid composite Tetric EvoCeram were applied in standardized Class II cavities (n = 6 per group) and photoactivated for 20 s at 1350 mW/cm2. The degree of conversion of the composites was assessed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy at seven measurement depths (0.15, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 mm). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). The investigated bulk-fill composites showed at least 80% of their maximum degree of conversion (80% DCmax) up to a measuring depth of at least 4 mm. Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill and Bulk Ormocer achieved more than 80% DCmax up to a measuring depth of 5 mm, x-tra fil up to 6 mm. The conventional nanohybrid composite Tetric EvoCeram achieved more than 80% DCmax up to 3 mm. In contrast to the conventional composite, the investigated ormocer- and dimethacrylate-based bulk-fill composites can be photo-polymerized in thick layers of up to at least 4 mm with regard to their degree of C=C double bond conversion.

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Shear Bond Strength of Three Composite Resins to Fluorosed and Sound Dentine: In Vitro Study

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2020/4568568 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Sabra Jaâfoura ◽

Amira Kikly ◽

Saida Sahtout ◽

Mounir Trabelsi ◽

Dorra Kammoun

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Shear Bond Strength ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Adhesive System ◽

Composite Resins ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Adhesion Forces ◽

Average Shear ◽

One Way Anova

Introduction. This in vitro study compared the shear strength of three composite resin systems to fluorosed and normal dentin. Methods. Silorane FiltekTM P90, FiltekTMZ250 XT in combination with the adhesive system AdperTM Single bond 2, and Amelogen® Plus in association with Peak Universal Bond® were tested. Fifteen normal and 15 fluorosed dentine disks were prepared per material. The shear bond strength test was performed using a universal machine. Results. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in bond strength between the tested composite resins. All tested materials had significantly different adhesion at the fluorosed and the nonfluorosed interface. FiltekTM Z250 XT and Silorane had lower adhesion values to fluorosed than to normal dentin. In contrast, Amelogen® Plus presented a better average resistance at the fluorosed interface. Conclusion. Amelogen® Plus presented a better average shear bond strength on the fluorosed dentine. FiltekTMZ250 XT showed the best adhesion forces and shear bond strength with sound dentine. Further studies are needed to better understand the sealing of these systems.

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Effect of clasp type and pullout location on clasp retention in different environment: In vitro study

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.4103/ejd.ejd_70_17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (02) ◽

pp. 216-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bilal Mourshed ◽

Fuad Abdo Al-Sabri ◽

Nashwan Ahmed Qaed ◽

Nader Alaizari ◽

Hashem Motahir Al-Shamiri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Retentive Force ◽

Crosshead Speed ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Retention Force ◽

Test Models ◽

Molar Teeth ◽

One Way Anova

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of pullout location and clasp types in two different environments to dislodge the clasp. Materials and Methods: Mandibular test models with natural premolars and molar teeth were used to test four types of clasp (each 12) (Akers, Rest plate Akers, Half and Half, and Ring clasp) with three different pullout location for each type (ring on the rest, loop on the saddle, and wax arising from both rests) in dry and natural fresh saliva environment. Each clasp was pulled out 10 times with a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min, and the force required to withdraw each was measured. Statistical Analysis Used: A one-way ANOVA and Tukey test were used. Results: The ring on the saddle pullout location has the highest retention force while ring on the rest was the lowest. In addition, ring clasp has the highest retention force. Conclusion: Clasp type and pullout location had a significant effect on the retentive force.

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Trueness and Precision of Three-Dimensional Digitizing Intraoral Devices

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2018/5189761 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Hussam Mutwalli ◽

Michael Braian ◽

Deyar Mahmood ◽

Christel Larsson

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Distance Measurements ◽

True Value ◽

Measuring Machine ◽

One Way Anova ◽

Intraoral Devices

Aim. To measure the trueness and precision under repeatable conditions for different intraoral scanners (IOSs) when scanning fully edentulous arch with multiple implants. Materials and Methods. Three IOSs and one industrial scanner were used to scan one edentulous master cast containing five implant scan bodies and three spheres. The cast was scanned thirty times with each scanner device. All scans were analyzed in the inspect software, and three-dimensional locations of the implants and the interarch distance between the spheres were measured. The values were compared to measurements made with one coordinate measuring machine (true value). One-way ANOVA was used to calculate the differences between IOSs and in comparison with the true value. Results. Significant differences were found between all IOSs. For the implant measurements, Trios 3 had the lowest trueness (≤114 μm), followed by Trios 3 mono (≤63 μm) and Itero element (≤−41 μm). Trios had the lowest precision (≤135 μm), followed by Itero element (≤101 μm) and Trios 3 mono (≤100 μm). With regard to the interarch distance measurements, Trios 3 had the lowest trueness (≤68 μm), followed by Trios 3 mono (≤45 μm) and Itero element (≤40 μm). Trios 3 had the lowest precision (≤206 μm), followed by Itero element (≤124 μm) and Trios 3 mono (≤111 μm). Conclusion. The results from this in vitro study suggest that precision is low for the tested IOS devices when scanning fully edentulous arches with multiple implants.

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The influence of different screw tightening forces on the vertical misfit of implant-supported frameworks

Journal of Applied Oral Science ◽

10.1590/s1678-77572005000200005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 120-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Diego Klee de Vasconcellos ◽

Marco Antonio Bottino ◽

Renato Sussumu Nishioka ◽

Luiz Felipe Valandro ◽

Elza Maria Valadares da Costa

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Pairwise Comparisons ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Nickel Chromium ◽

Marginal Discrepancy ◽

The Mean ◽

Post Hoc ◽

One Way Anova

OBJECTIVES: The present in vitro study was designed to compare the differences in the vertical misfit of implant-supported frameworks using three different forces for tightening the bridge locking screws: fastening by hand until first resistance, and using torque drivers with 10 and 20Ncm. METHODS: The investigation was conducted based on the results given by 9 six-unit nickel-chromium (2 abutments/ 4 pontics) screw-retained implant-supported frameworks. The structures were exposed to simulated porcelain firings. The marginal misfit measurements were made using a traveling measuring microscope at selected screw tightening forces: fastening by hand until first resistance, and using torque drivers with 10 and 20Ncm. The results were submitted to one-way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor, and post hoc pairwise comparisons using Tukey test (5%). RESULTS: The mean marginal misfit of the frameworks, fastening the screws by hand until first resistance, was 41.56µm (SD±12.45µm). The use of torque driver devices caused a significant reduction in marginal opening (p<0.05). With the lowest torque available (10Ncm), the mean marginal discrepancy at the abutment-framework interface was reduced an average of 52% to a mean marginal opening of 19.71µm (SD±2.97µm). After the use of the 20Ncm torque driver, the mean marginal discrepancy of the frameworks was reduced an average of 69% to a mean marginal opening of 12.82µm (SD±4.0µm). Comparing the use of torque drivers with 10 and 20 Ncm torque, the means are not significantly different from one another. CONCLUSION: The seating force has an important effect on the vertical misfit measurements, once it may considerably narrow the vertical misfit gaps at the abutment-framework interface, thus leading to a misjudgment of the real marginal situation.

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Counterclockwise Drilling with Different Tapered Drills Condenses the Implant Bed—An Optical Coherence Tomography In Vitro Study

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57090940 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (9) ◽

pp. 940

Author(s):

Rafael Delgado-Ruiz ◽

Mina Mahdian ◽

Ilyasse Benezha ◽

Georgios Romanos

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Bone Microarchitecture ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Apical Region ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Type Iv ◽

Implant Bed ◽

One Way Anova ◽

Apical Area

Background and Objectives: To evaluate the condensation and the microarchitecture of implant bed walls of sites prepared with counterclockwise drilling with tapered implant drills using optical coherence tomography. Materials and Methods: Four drill designs with different wall and tip angles were used. Polyurethane laminas resembling type IV bone microarchitecture were superimposed and clamped with a vice to simulate the coronal, middle, and apical aspects of the implant site. Twenty implant beds were prepared at 1200 rpm in clockwise (control) and counterclockwise (test) directions (N = 160). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to evaluate the condensation and microarchitecture characteristics of the implant bed walls. The relative condensation was calculated using the Image J software Bone application. The microarchitecture was evaluated in reconstructed 3D volumes in XY, XZ, and YZ sections. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. Dunnet test was applied to determine differences between groups. Significance was set as p < 0.05. Results: Counterclockwise drilling (Test) condensed and changed the microarchitecture of the apical regions for all the implant beds in all of the groups when compared to clockwise drilling (control). The apical region of test groups showed the highest relative bone condensation (p = 0.026) when compared to controls. Conclusions: The direction of rotation (counterclockwise drilling) and not the design of tapered drills (tip and wall angles) is responsible for the condensation at the apical area observed in polyurethane blocks. The OCT method can be used for the evaluation of changes in density and microstructure of polyurethane blocks.

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Surface Hardness of Hybrid Ionomer with Different Curing Time (In Vitro Study)

UI Proceedings on Health and Medicine ◽

10.7454/uiphm.v1i0.32 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

Author(s):

Arfita Sipahutar ◽

Astrid Yudhit ◽

Rusfian Rusfian

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Curing Time ◽

Mean Values ◽

The Mean ◽

One Way Anova ◽

Group 1

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the surface hardness of hybrid ionomer with different curing times (20, 30, 40, and 50 seconds).Methods: This was an experimental laboratory with posttest only group design. Twenty-four disk shape hybrid ionomer specimens with a diameter of 5 mm and 2 mm in thickness were prepared and polymerized with Quartz Tungsten Halogen (QTH) for 20, 30, 40, and 50 seconds as group 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. All samples were immersed in distilled water under 37°C temperature for 24 hours as initial treatment. Surface hardness test was done using Vickers Hardness Test with load 50 gf for 20 second. The Data was analyzed with one way ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05).Results: Using one way anova test (p ≤ 0.05) shows the mean and standard deviation of the group 1 is 25,900 ± 2,5659VHN; group 2 is 29,800 ± 1,1983 VHN; group 3 is 31,283 ± 0,5037 VHN; group 4 is 36, 183 ± 2,3430 VHN and the obtained value p = 0.000 (p ≤ 0.05).The mean values and standard deviation were 25.900 ± 2.5659 VHN; 29.800 ± 1.1983 VHN; 31.283 ±0.5037 VHN; 6.183 ± 2.3430 VHN for group 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Statistic analyzed showed a significant different among groups with p value =0.000 (p < 0.05).Conclusion There are significant differences in surface hardness of hybrid ionomer with different curing time (20, 30,40, and 50 seconds). The longer curing time will increase the surface hardness of hybrid ionomer.

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Perbandingan efektivitas beberapa pelarut terhadap serumen obturans secara in vitro di Makassar

Oto Rhino Laryngologica Indonesiana ◽

10.32637/orli.v42i1.35 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Syahrijuita S ◽

Sutji Pratiwi Rahardjo ◽

Nani Iriani Djufri ◽

Riskiana Djamin

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Life Purpose ◽

Contact Duration ◽

Effective Contact ◽

One Way Anova

Background: Cerumen obturans is a pahtological condition which is not harmful to the patients but could cause ear numbness sensation, earache, hearing impairment, deafness and decreasing the quality of life. Purpose: The objective of the study was to compare the effectiveness of six solvents, which were aquadest, NaCl 0,9%, coconut oil, olive oil, carboglycerin 10% and sodium docusate 0,5% againts cerumen obturans by means of in vitro study and to know the most effective contact duration of a solvent to liquefy cerumen. Method: The study is a laboratory experimental by using 30 specimens of solid cerumen, each weight 40 mg. The cerumen liquefaction was measured by Spectronic 21 spectrophotometer. The effectiveness of the solvents were tested with One Way Anova with alfa <0,05. Result: The spectrophotometer showed significant differentiations of effectiveness of the solvents in the 20th , 25th and 30th minutes, only in aquadest and NaCl 0,9% againts coconut oil dan olive oil. The effective duration of contact by in vitro study was = 20 minutes and tend to increase up till 30 minutes. In the 20th and 25 minutes, NaCl 0,9 % was the most effective solvent, while aquadest was most effective in the 30ththPerbandingan efektivitas beberapa pelarut minutes. Olive oil and coconut oil are less effective solvents. Conclusion: Water-based solvents were found more effective than lipid-based solvents. Key words: cerumen solvents, cerumen obturans, in vitro Abstrak : Latar belakang: Serumen obturans merupakan suatu keadaan patologis yang tidak membahayakan jiwa tetapi dapat mengakibatkan rasa penuh di telinga, nyeri, gangguan pendengaran dan ketulian serta penurunan kualitas hidup. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan efektivitas enam pelarut yaitu aquadest, NaCl 0,9%, minyak kelapa, minyak zaitun, karbogliserin 10% dan sodium dokusat 0,5% terhadap serumen obturans secara in vitro serta untuk mengetahui lama waktu kontak yang paling efektif suatu pelarut terhadap kelarutan serumen. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimental laboratorium dengan menggunakan 30 spesimen serumen obturans yang telah dipadatkan dengan berat masing-masing 40mg. Kelarutan serumen diukur menggunakan spektofotometer Spectronic 21. Perbandingan efektifitas pelarut diuji dengan menggunakan uji One Way Anova dengan alfa <0,05. Hasil: Didapatkan hasil bahwa efektivitas pelarut yang berbeda bermakna didapatkan pada menit ke-20, ke-25 dan ke-30 hanya antara aquadest dan NaCl 0,9 % terhadap minyak kelapa dan minyak zaitun menggunakan spektofotometer. Waktu kontak yang efektif secara in vitro adalah = 20 menit dan cenderung meningkat sampai batas 30 menit. Pada menit ke-20 dan ke-25, NaCl 0,9% merupakan pelarut paling efektif sedang pada menit ke-30 paling efektif adalah aquadest. Minyak zaitun dan minyak kelapa merupakan pelarut yang efektivitasnya paling rendah. Kesimpulan: Pelarut berbasis air lebih efektif dibanding pelarut berbasis lemak. Kata kunci: Pelarut serumen, serumen obturans, in vitro

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CEFPODOXIME PROXETIL FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS: COMPARATIVE STUDY

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2020v12i11.39291 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 35-41

Author(s):

INDER KUMAR ◽

VINAY PANDIT

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Study ◽

In Vitro Dissolution ◽

Direct Compression ◽

Onset Of Action ◽

Cefpodoxime Proxetil ◽

Ich Guidelines ◽

Croscarmellose Sodium ◽

Percentage Release ◽

One Way Anova

Objective: In the present investigation, fast dissolving tablets of cefpodoxime proxetil were formulated using superdisintegrants to impart fast disintegration. Methods: In the current study, 12 formulations of fast dissolving tablets of cefpodoxime proxetil were formulated using two different approaches viz., direct compression and sublimation. Three different superdisintegrants viz., croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate, and crospovidone were used in a different concentration in all the respective formulations. The final powder blend was subjected for the pre-compression evaluation and all the formulations were evaluated for post-compression parameters. Stability studies were also evaluated for the best formulations as per ICH guidelines. Finally, results were statistically analyzed by the application of one way ANOVA test and t-test. Results: Among all the formulations of different approaches, formulation cefpodoxime proxetil 4 (CP4) containing 6% crospovidone as a super disintegrant was showed the best results. In vitro dissolution data revealed that formulation CP4 prepared by direct compression method showed 99.387±0.270% drug release within 15 min whereas the percentage release by formulation prepared by using sublimation showed 83.927±0.735% release. The optimized formulation was further subjected to comparative in vitro study with two marketed formulation of different brands. Conclusion: All the data of all formulations is shows that direct compression approach is the best approach for developing the fast dissolving tablets to enhance the onset of action and bioavailability.

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