scholarly journals “Fake News” and Christian Freedom

Kairos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-106
Author(s):  
Benjamin KL Simon
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Social Climate ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Social Consensus ◽  
Media Development ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Politics and media development in our days is terrifying. Manipulation is dominating the social space. The so-called Overton window concept show us how, by way of “fake news” in a particular setting, certain completely unacceptable opinions slowly become part of the social consensus. Without understanding this change, people become deprived of their freedom and begin to feel more and more helpless. Five hundred years ago, theologian Martin Luther (1483-1546) rose against such attempts, defending his theological beliefs form estranged and twisted interpretations. In his essay, On Christian Freedom (1520), he took a firm position. Using a twofold thesis - that the Christian is both a free man and master of everything so he is not subjected to anyone, and that the Christian is also a humble servant to everyone and that he is subjected to everyone - he clarified that faith and love lead the Christian in all his activities and works. Luther clarified that in faith and love a fullness of the relationship between God and His loved ones - the mankind - is achieved, thus being humble does not mean giving up on our freedom; instead, it means to have the strength and courage to achieve it! Based on the four dimensions of freedom - political, social, identity, and dialogue - Luther provides an insight into his own understanding of freedom, which is still applicable in today’s social climate and the challenges of this age. These four dimensions helps the believer to take a clear stance against targeted attempts at deception which are immersed in “fake news.”

Spaces of Consumption in American Literary Realism

2019 ◽  
pp. 391-410
Author(s):  
Gary Totten
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Culture ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Literary Realism ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Strategies

This chapter discusses how consumer culture affects the depiction and meaning of the natural world in the work of American realist writers. These writers illuminate the relationship between natural environments and the social expectations of consumer culture and reveal how such expectations transform natural space into what Henri Lefebvre terms “social space” implicated in the processes and power dynamics of production and consumption. The representation of nature as social space in realist works demonstrates the range of consequences such space holds for characters. Such space can both empower and oppress individuals, and rejecting or embracing it can deepen moral resolve, prompt a crisis of self, or result in one’s death. Characters’ attempts to escape social space and consumer culture also provide readers with new strategies for coping with their effects.

Social identity, rationality, creativity

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Maria Kanzola ◽  
Konstantina Papaioannou ◽  
Panagiotis E. Petrakis
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Theories ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Life Improvement ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThis study examines the relationship between rationality and creativity by means of social identity theory for the Greek society (2019–2020).Design/methodology/approachThe outline of the social identity was given through self-categorization via a distributed questionnaire. The types of behavior (rational, nonrational and loss-averse) were determined by using questions based on the Allais paradox. Principal components analysis (PCA) is used to extract the causal relationships.FindingsThe study findings demonstrate that rational individuals are more prompt to creative personality than nonrational individuals. Rational individuals are motivated to pursue creativity through life-improvement goals. Loss-averse individuals are driven through the contradictive incentive of adventure-seeking behavior without, however, being willing to easily give up their established assets.Originality/valueThis article contributes by explaining creativity among rational, nonrational and loss-averse individuals as a product of social identity theory. This contributes to the literature, by proposing that the application of social theories in economics could constitute a different foundation for economics. This refers to the notion of the social microfoundations of the political economy and macroeconomics.

scholarly journals Literatura policial y policía: reflexiones a partir de dos intervenciones críticas (José Pablo Feinmann y Carlos Gamerro)

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 197-225
Author(s):  
Hernán Maltz
Keyword(s):  
Detective Fiction ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Crime Fiction ◽  
The Political ◽  
Specific Interest ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Novela Negra ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

I propose a close reading on two critical interventions about crime fiction in Argentina: “Estado policial y novela negra argentina” (1991) by José Pablo Feinmann and “Para una reformulación del género policial argentino” (2006) by Carlos Gamerro. Beyond the time difference between the two, I observe aspects in common. Both texts elaborate a corpus of writers and fictions; propose an interpretative guide between the literary and the political-social series; maintain a specific interest in the relationship between crime fiction and police; and elaborate figures of enunciators who serve both as theorists of the genre and as writers of fiction. Among these four dimensions, the one that particularly interests me here is the third, since it allows me to investigate the link that is assumed between “detective fiction” and “police institution”. My conclusion is twofold: on the one hand, in both essays predominates a reductionist vision of the genre, since a kind of necessity is emphasized in the representation of the social order; on the other, its main objective seems to lie in intervening directly on the definitions of the detective fiction in Argentina (and, on this point, both texts acquire an undoubtedly prescriptive nuance).

scholarly journals Fake news and unfunded beliefs in the post-truth age

Universitas ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 87-108
Author(s):  
Víctor Castillo-Riquelme ◽  
Patricio Hermosilla-Urrea ◽  
Juan P. Poblete-Tiznado ◽  
Christian Durán-Anabalón
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
The Social ◽  
Paranormal Beliefs ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Relationship

The dissemination of fake news embodies a pressing problem for democracy that is exacerbated by theubiquity of information available on the Internet and by the exploitation of those who, appealing to theemotionality of audiences, have capitalized on the injection of falsehoods into the social fabric. In thisstudy, through a cross-sectional, correlational and non-experimental design, the relationship betweencredibility in the face of fake news and some types of dysfunctional thoughts was explored in a sampleof Chilean university students. The results reveal that greater credibility in fake news is associated withhigher scores of magical, esoteric and naively optimistic thinking, beliefs that would be the meetingpoint for a series of cognitive biases that operate in the processing of information. The highest correlationis found with the paranormal beliefs facet and, particularly, with ideas about the laws of mentalattraction, telepathy and clairvoyance. Significant differences were also found in credibility in fake newsas a function of the gender of the participants, with the female gender scoring higher on average thanthe male gender. These findings highlight the need to promote critical thinking, skepticism and scientificattitude in all segments of society.

Social Identity, Stigma, and Health

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanda Jetten ◽  
S. Alexander Haslam ◽  
Tegan Cruwys ◽  
Nyla R. Branscombe
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Psychological Resources ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Identity Processes ◽  
Positive Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Group Memberships ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter argues that an understanding of social identity processes is critical to understand when and how stigma affects health. This chapter presents a social identity analysis of the relationship between stigma and health and starts from the premise that it is particularly difficult for individuals who belong to stigmatized groups to derive a positive identity from their social group memberships. However, when individuals turn to the stigmatized group, identify with it, and draw social support from others within it, their health will be buffered against some of the negative consequences of discrimination because group memberships—and the social identities that are derived from them—act as psychological resources. Perceptions of the broader sociostructural context that affect appraisals of discrimination and coping with stigma play an important role in determining whether the curing properties of group memberships are unlocked, turning the curse of belonging to a stigmatized group into a cure.

Prostitution: a new dynamic of discrimination

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raheel Yasin ◽  
Sarah I. Obsequio Namoco
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Social ◽  
Transgender Discrimination ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose There is scarcity in the literature, both empirically and theoretically, regarding the relationship between transgender discrimination and prostitution. This study aims to offer a new framework for conceptualizing workplace discrimination and prostitution by examining the mediating role of poverty in the relationship between discrimination and prostitution. Design/methodology/approach The conceptual framework of this study is based on the social identity theory and the theory of prostitution. Findings Transgender is a neglected group in society, and more often, they are the ones who are unable to find jobs and when employed, find it challenging to sustain their employment because of their gender identity. This leads them to be discriminated at their workplaces. Subsequently, they are forced to leave their workplace and settle to work as prostitutes for their economic survival. Research limitations/implications Further research should empirically test the design model. Practical implications Managers play an essential role in eliminating discrimination in the organization. Managers need to take measures in crafting gender-free and anti-discrimination policies. They take steps to design recruitment policies in which there is no need to disclose applicant identity. Social implications Discrimination, on the basis of gender identity, promotes a culture of hate, intolerance and economic inequality in society. Prostitution has devastating effects on society. Originality/value In the field of organizational behavior, discrimination as a factor of prostitution was not explored. This study provides a significant contribution to the transgender and discrimination literature along with the prostitution theory and the social identity theory by proposing a model that highlights discrimination as one of the factors that compel the transgender community to be involved in prostitution.

Exposure to Cyberbullying and Classroom Social Climate as Predictors of Students' Sense of Belonging in Class in Elementary and Middle Schools

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-131
Author(s):  
Gabriela Kashy-Rosenbaum ◽  
Dana Aizenkot
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Social Climate ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Private Space ◽  
Social Lives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Educational Implications ◽  
And Gender

Children and adolescents currently conduct part of their social lives in cyberspace. Along with the increased use of WhatsApp – the most popular social platform in Israel – as a social network, we witness the spread of cyberbullying, that is, targeted aggressive activity against individuals in a virtual social space. Bullying in the virtual social space sometimes also flows into the actual social space in the classroom through feeding and refeeding, affecting the perception of the classroom social climate and the student’s sense of belonging in the classroom. Impairment of students’ sense of belonging in the classroom may impair their mental wellbeing and their functioning in school. The present study was designed to broaden our understanding of how exposure to cyberbullying relates to the social climate and students’ sense of belonging in the classroom beyond the students’ age and gender, distinguishing between exposure to cyberbullying in the private space and in the group space. The study involved 4,813 students (53% girls) in grades 4–9 in 191 classes within 33 schools. Participants filled out e-questionnaires. The findings showed that, as predicted by the research hypotheses, the more students are exposed to cyberbullying in the private and group spaces, the more negative the perceived social climate and students’ sense of belonging in the classroom will be. Exposure to simultaneous cyberbullying in both spaces, private and group, was found to be associated with even greater harm to the perceived social climate in the classroom and to students’ sense of belonging. It was also found that the perception of the social climate in the classroom mediates the connection between exposure and bullying in the classroom virtual space and students’ sense of belonging. The educational implications are discussed.

Distinction recapped: Digital news repertoires in the class structure

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 3029-3049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Lindell
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Digital Inequality ◽  
Media Environment ◽  
Statistical Representation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Digital News ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Class Habitus

This article mobilizes Pierre Bourdieu’s full theory-method to study how class shapes our news orientations in a digital, high-choice media environment. An online survey ( N = 3850) was used to create a statistical representation of the contemporary Swedish social space with variables measuring access to economic, cultural, social, and cosmopolitan capital. A range of digital news preferences and practices were then given co-ordinates in that space. Results highlight the importance of class habitus for the formation of digital news repertoires. Since different groups form altogether different news repertoires—and distaste the preferences of the groups most different to themselves (in terms of access to capitals)—news practices and preferences solidify the positions of groups in the social structure. The study sheds light on the relationship between social and digital inequality and challenges the psychological and individualistic bias in contemporary research on news media use.

scholarly journals Cooperation and conflict in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (8-9-10) ◽  
pp. 371-382
Author(s):  
James M. Medina ◽  
P.M. Shreenidhi ◽  
Tyler J. Larsen ◽  
David C. Queller ◽  
Joan E. Strassmann
Keyword(s):  
Dictyostelium Discoideum ◽  
Fruiting Body ◽  
Sexual Cycle ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Bacterial Symbionts ◽  
Spore Dispersal ◽  
Social Amoeba ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum has provided considerable insight into the evolution of cooperation and conflict. Under starvation, D. discoideum amoebas cooperate to form a fruiting body comprised of hardy spores atop a stalk. The stalk development is altruistic because stalk cells die to aid spore dispersal. The high relatedness of cells in fruiting bodies in nature implies that this altruism often benefits relatives. However, since the fruiting body forms through aggregation there is potential for non-relatives to join the aggregate and create conflict over spore and stalk fates. Cheating is common in chimeras of social amoebas, where one genotype often takes advantage of the other and makes more spores. This social conflict is a significant force in nature as indicated by rapid rates of adaptive evolution in genes involved in cheating and its resistance. However, cheating can be prevented by high relatedness, allorecognition via tgr genes, pleiotropy and evolved resistance. Future avenues for the study of cooperation and conflict in D. discoideum include the sexual cycle as well as the relationship between D. discoideum and its bacterial symbionts. D. discoideum’s tractability in the laboratory as well as its uncommon mode of aggregative multicellularity have established it as a promising model for future studies of cooperation and conflict.

Mattering in digital labor

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-324
Author(s):  
Eliane Bucher ◽  
Christian Fieseler ◽  
Christoph Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Work Engagement ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Amazon Mechanical Turk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Individual Perceptions ◽  
Digital Labor ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose Online gig labor platforms bring together a global and fast-growing workforce to complete highly granular, remote and decontextualized tasks. While these environments might be empowering to some workers, many others feel disenfranchised and removed from the final product of their labor. To better understand the antecedents of continued participation in forms of crowdsourced digital labor, the purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between worker’s ability to create a narrative of their work mattering regardless, and their continued work engagement (WE) in these work setups. Design/methodology/approach The authors approach the relationship between individual mattering and digital WE through a longitudinal study among workers on the crowdworking platform Amazon Mechanical Turk. The authors further provide qualitative insight into individual perceptions of mattering based on essay data. Findings The authors develop a measure of mattering in crowdworking with four dimensions: reliance, social recognition, importance and interaction. Reliance is the most pronounced dimension, followed by interaction, importance and social recognition. In the final longitudinal model, only importance affects WE positively, while the other three mattering dimensions do not have a significant effect. Originality/value The findings indicate that individuals who feel that they themselves and their work “count” and “make a difference” will be more engaged in their digital labor. By clarifying the dimensionality of mattering in crowdwork and studying its differentiated effect on WE, the paper makes a contribution to research on crowdwork and the future of work. Beyond the theoretical contributions, the finding that perceived importance fosters WE has important implications for task and platform design.

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