scholarly journals A Diffusion Model Analysis of Decision Biases Affecting Delayed Recognition of Emotional Stimuli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Spaniol ◽  
Holly J. Bowen ◽  
Ronak Patel ◽  
Andreas Voss
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Decision Biases ◽  
Delayed Recognition ◽  
Insight Into

Previous empirical work suggests that emotion can influence accuracy and cognitive biases underlying recognition memory, depending on the experimental conditions. The current study examines the effects of arousal and valence on delayed recognition memory using the diffusion model, which allows the separation of two decision biases thought to underlie memory: response bias and memory bias. Memory bias has not been given much attention in the literature but can provide insight into the retrieval dynamics of emotion modulated memory. Participants viewed emotional pictorial stimuli; half were given a recognition test 1-day later and the other half 7-days later. Analyses revealed that emotional valence generally evokes liberal responding, whereas high arousal evokes liberal responding only at a short retention interval. The memory bias analyses indicated that participants experienced greater familiarity with high-arousal compared to low-arousal items and this pattern became more pronounced as study-test lag increased; positive items evoke greater familiarity compared to negative and this pattern remained stable across retention interval. The findings provide insight into the separate contributions of valence and arousal to the cognitive mechanisms underlying delayed emotion modulated memory.

scholarly journals A Diffusion Model Analysis of Decision Biases Affecting Delayed Recognition of Emotional Stimuli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Spaniol ◽  
Holly J. Bowen ◽  
Ronak Patel ◽  
Andreas Voss
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
High Arousal ◽  
Decision Biases ◽  
Delayed Recognition ◽  
Insight Into

Previous empirical work suggests that emotion can influence accuracy and cognitive biases underlying recognition memory, depending on the experimental conditions. The current study examines the effects of arousal and valence on delayed recognition memory using the diffusion model, which allows the separation of two decision biases thought to underlie memory: response bias and memory bias. Memory bias has not been given much attention in the literature but can provide insight into the retrieval dynamics of emotion modulated memory. Participants viewed emotional pictorial stimuli; half were given a recognition test 1-day later and the other half 7-days later. Analyses revealed that emotional valence generally evokes liberal responding, whereas high arousal evokes liberal responding only at a short retention interval. The memory bias analyses indicated that participants experienced greater familiarity with high-arousal compared to low-arousal items and this pattern became more pronounced as study-test lag increased; positive items evoke greater familiarity compared to negative and this pattern remained stable across retention interval. The findings provide insight into the separate contributions of valence and arousal to the cognitive mechanisms underlying delayed emotion modulated memory.

scholarly journals A Diffusion Model Analysis of Decision Biases Affecting Delayed Recognition of Emotional Stimuli

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e0146769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly J. Bowen ◽  
Julia Spaniol ◽  
Ronak Patel ◽  
Andreas Voss
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Decision Biases ◽  
Delayed Recognition

Antagonism-related PDs Insight & Impairment 11.13.18

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea Sleep ◽  
Josh Miller ◽  
Donald Lynam ◽  
William Keith Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Clinical Theory ◽  
Reasonable Degree ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Related Personality

Clinical theory is skeptical of individuals’ ability to recognize the presence, severity, and impact of clinical symptoms and pathological traits (Oltmanns & Powers, 2012); however, empirical work has found moderate self-other convergence for reports of pathological traits and for Antagonism-related personality disorder (PD) constructs (i.e., psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism), which are characterized by low insight. Nevertheless, empirical examinations of insight into perceptions of impairment is scant. Thus, the present study sought to examine individuals’ insight regarding pathological traits and related impairment in two samples. In Sample 1, more psychopathic, narcissistic, and Machiavellian individuals reported higher levels of pathological traits and were aware of related impairment. In Sample 2, individuals reported higher levels of pathological traits and, albeit to a lesser degree, more Antagonism-related impairment. Thus, more psychopathic, narcissistic, and Machiavellian individuals possess a reasonable degree of insight into their trait levels and associated impairment.

scholarly journals Methane and Inflammation - A Review (Fight Fire with Fire)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marietta Zita Poles ◽  
László Juhász ◽  
Mihály Boros
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Oxidative And Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractMammalian methanogenesis is regarded as an indicator of carbohydrate fermentation by anaerobic gastrointestinal flora. Once generated by microbes or released by a non-bacterial process, methane is generally considered to be biologically inactive. However, recent studies have provided evidence for methane bioactivity in various in vivo settings. The administration of methane either in gas form or solutions has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in an array of experimental conditions, such as ischemia/reperfusion, endotoxemia and sepsis. It has also been demonstrated that exogenous methane influences the key regulatory mechanisms and cellular signalling pathways involved in oxidative and nitrosative stress responses. This review offers an insight into the latest findings on the multi-faceted organ protective activity of exogenous methane treatments with special emphasis on its versatile effects demonstrated in sepsis models.

Memory performance of geriatric and nongeriatric chronic schizophrenic patients: A cross-sectional study

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 494-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHERINE M. PUTNAM ◽  
PHILIP D. HARVEY
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Poor Outcome ◽  
Memory Functioning ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Delayed Recognition ◽  
Learning Test

Memory functioning has been studied extensively in nongeriatric schizophrenic patients, leading to the suggestion that schizophrenic patients manifest a “subcortical” pattern of memory deficits. Few previous studies examined very poor outcome patients with a chronic course of hospitalization. This study examined the association of age and global cognitive dysfunction with verbal and spatial learning and delayed recall, as well as examining differential impairments in delayed recall as compared to delayed recognition memory. Sixty-six chronic schizophrenic patients were studied, with 30 of these patients over the age of 65. Verbal (California Verbal Learning Test) and spatial (Biber Figure Learning Test) serial learning and delayed memory tests were administered. All aspects of memory functioning were correlated with estimates of global cognitive status. When global cognitive status was controlled, age effects were still found for the majority of the memory measures. Delayed recognition memory was not spared, being performed as poorly as delayed recall. In contrast to previous studies of better-outcome patients with schizophrenia, geriatric patients with chronic schizophrenia performed more poorly than nongeriatric patients. The lack of sparing of delayed recognition memory suggests that previous findings of specific recall memory deficit and a subcortical profile of memory impairments may apply to schizophrenic patients with less severe global cognitive impairments. These data suggest that poor-outcome patients may have a pattern of memory impairments that has some features in common with cortical dementia. (JINS, 1999, 5, 494–501.)

Sleep Loss and Temporal Memory

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Harrison ◽  
James A. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Temporal Memory ◽  
Short Novel ◽  
Subjective Sleepiness ◽  
Insight Into

Historical evidence suggests that sleep deprivation affects temporal memory, but this has not been studied systematically. We explored the effects of 36 hr of sleep deprivation on a neuropsychological test of temporal memory. To promote optimal performance, the test was short, novel, and interesting, and caffeine was used to reduce “sleepiness”. A total of 40 young adults were randomized into four groups: control + caffeine (Cc), control + placebo (Cp), sleep deprived + caffeine (SDc), and sleep deprived + placebo (SDp). Controls slept normally. Caffeine (350 mg) or placebo were given just prior to testing. The task comprised colour photographs of unknown faces and had two components: recognition memory (distinction between previously presented and novel faces), and recency discrimination (temporal memory), when a previously shown face was presented. An interpolated task, self-ordered pointing, acted as a distraction. Caffeine had no effects within control conditions, but significantly reduced subjective sleepiness in SDc. Recognition was unaffected by sleep deprivation, whereas for recency, sleep deprivation groups scored significantly lower than controls. There was no significant improvement of recency with caffeine in the SDc group. Both sleep deprivation groups had poorer insight into their performance with recency. Self-ordered pointing remained unchanged. In conclusion, sleep deprivation impairs temporal memory (i.e. recency) despite other conditions promoting optimal performance.

scholarly journals Is Pupil Activity Associated With the Strength of Memory Signal for Words in a Continuous Recognition Memory Paradigm?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Oliveira ◽  
Marta Fernandes ◽  
Pedro J. Rosa ◽  
Pedro Gamito
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Consistent Finding ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Study Test

Research on pupillometry provides an increasing evidence for associations between pupil activity and memory processing. The most consistent finding is related to an increase in pupil size for old items compared with novel items, suggesting that pupil activity is associated with the strength of memory signal. However, the time course of these changes is not completely known, specifically, when items are presented in a running recognition task maximizing interference by requiring the recognition of the most recent items from a sequence of old/new items. The sample comprised 42 healthy participants who performed a visual word recognition task under varying conditions of retention interval. Recognition responses were evaluated using behavioral variables for discrimination accuracy, reaction time, and confidence in recognition decisions. Pupil activity was recorded continuously during the entire experiment. The results suggest a decrease in recognition performance with increasing study-test retention interval. Pupil size decreased across retention intervals, while pupil old/new effects were found only for words recognized at the shortest retention interval. Pupillary responses consisted of a pronounced early pupil constriction at retrieval under longer study-test lags corresponding to weaker memory signals. However, the pupil size was also sensitive to the subjective feeling of familiarity as shown by pupil dilation to false alarms (new items judged as old). These results suggest that the pupil size is related not only to the strength of memory signal but also to subjective familiarity decisions in a continuous recognition memory paradigm.

scholarly journals Altered acrylic acid concentrations in hard and soft corals exposed to deteriorating water conditions

FACETS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 531-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori S.H. Westmoreland ◽  
Jennifer N. Niemuth ◽  
Hanna S. Gracz ◽  
Michael K. Stoskopf
Keyword(s):  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Additional Insight ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Animal Metabolism ◽  
Reef Decline ◽  
Reliable Marker ◽  
Insight Into

A reliable marker of early coral response to environmental stressors can help guide decision-making to mitigate global coral reef decline by detecting problems before the development of clinically observable disease. We document the accumulation of acrylic acid in two divergent coral taxa, stony small polyp coral ( Acropora sp.) and soft coral ( Lobophytum sp.), in response to deteriorating water quality characterized by moderately increased ammonia (0.25 ppm) and phosphate (0.15 ppm) concentrations and decreased calcium (360 ppm) concentration, using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)-based metabolomic techniques. Changes in acrylic acid concentration in polyp tissues free of zooxanthellae suggest that acrylic acid could be a product of animal metabolism and not exclusively a metabolic by-product of the osmolyte dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in marine algae or bacteria. Our findings build on previously documented depletions of acrylic acid in wild coral potentially correlated to temperature stress and provide additional insight into approaches to further characterize the nature of the metabolic accumulation of acrylic acid under controlled experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Same model, different conclusions: An identifiability issue in the linear ballistic accumulator model of decision-making

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Decision Threshold ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Model Application ◽  
Linear Ballistic Accumulator

Evidence accumulation models (EAMs) – the dominant modelling framework for speeded decision-making – have become an important tool for model application. Model application involves using specific model to estimate parameter values that relate to different components of the cognitive process, and how these values differ over experimental conditions and/or between groups of participants. In this context, researchers are often agnostic to the specific theoretical assumptions made by different EAM variants, and simply desire a model that will provide them with an accurate measurement of the parameters that they are interested in. However, recent research has suggested that the two most commonly applied EAMs – the diffusion model and the linear ballistic accumulator (LBA) – come to fundamentally different conclusions when applied to the same empirical data. The current study provides an in-depth assessment of the measurement properties of the two models, as well as the mapping between, using two large scale simulation studies and a reanalysis of Evans (2020a). Importantly, the findings indicate that there is a major identifiability issue within the standard LBA, where differences in decision threshold between conditions are practically unidentifiable, which appears to be caused by a tradeoff between the threshold parameter and the overall drift rate across the different accumulators. While this issue can be remedied by placing some constraint on the overall drift rate across the different accumulators – such as constraining the average drift rate or the drift rate of one accumulator to have the same value in each condition – these constraints can qualitatively change the conclusions of the LBA regarding other constructs, such as non-decision time. Furthermore, all LBA variants considered in the current study still provide qualitatively different conclusions to the diffusion model. Importantly, the current findings suggest that researchers should not use the unconstrained version of the LBA for model application, and bring into question the conclusions of previous studies using the unconstrained LBA.

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