scholarly journals Learning the Special Note: Evidence for a critical period for absolute pitch acquisition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank A Russo ◽  
Deborah L Windell ◽  
Lola L Cuddy
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Single Tone ◽  
The Third

Children (3–6 years old) and adults were trained for 6 weeks to identify a single tone, C5. Test sessions, held at the end of each week, had participants identify C5 within a set of seven alternative tones. By the third week of training, identification accuracy of children 5–6 years old surpassed the accuracies of children 3–4 years old and adults. Combined with an analysis of perceptual strategies, the data provide strong support for a critical period for absolute pitch acquisition.

scholarly journals Learning the ““Special Note””: Evidence for a Critical Period for Absolute Pitch Acquisition

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK A. RUSSO ◽  
DEBORAH L. WINDELL ◽  
LOLA L. CUDDY
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Single Tone ◽  
The Third

Children (3––6 years old) and adults were trained for 6 weeks to identify a single tone, C5. Test sessions, held at the end of each week, had participants identify C5 within a set of seven alternative tones. By the third week of training, identification accuracy of children 5––6 years old surpassed the accuracies of children 3––4 years old and adults. Combined with an analysis of perceptual strategies, the data provide strong support for a critical period for absolute pitch acquisition. Received July 12, 2003, accepted August 1,2003

scholarly journals Learning the Special Note: Evidence for a critical period for absolute pitch acquisition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank A Russo ◽  
Deborah L Windell ◽  
Lola L Cuddy
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Single Tone ◽  
The Third

Children (3–6 years old) and adults were trained for 6 weeks to identify a single tone, C5. Test sessions, held at the end of each week, had participants identify C5 within a set of seven alternative tones. By the third week of training, identification accuracy of children 5–6 years old surpassed the accuracies of children 3–4 years old and adults. Combined with an analysis of perceptual strategies, the data provide strong support for a critical period for absolute pitch acquisition.

Parental Recasts and Production of Copulas and Articles by Children With Specific Language Impairment and Typical Language

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Proctor-Williams ◽  
Marc E. Fey ◽  
Diane Frome Loeb
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Environmental Exposure ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
The Third

In intervention, children with specific language impairment (SLI) have been shown to develop productive use of morphemes in response to target-specific recasts at rates generally equivalent to younger, language-matched children with typical language development (TL). Our previous work demonstrated that in conversation, the overall recast rates produced by parents of children with SLI and those with TL are similar. Still, despite their apparently typical ability to use recast input in intervention and their equivalent environmental exposure to recasts, children with SLI continue to demonstrate grammatical delays in comparison to children with TL. The purpose of this study was to examine three possible resolutions to this paradox. We examined target-specific copula and article recast usage by 10 parents of children with SLI and 10 parents of younger language-matched children with TL, and we examined their children’s productions of these same forms at three points across an 8-month period. The results provide strong support only for the third of the proposed hypotheses. Contrary to the predictions of the first hypothesis, a strong, positive relation was observed between the copula recasts used by parents of children with TL at Time 1 and their children’s use of copulas 8 months later. On the other hand, correlations between recasts of articles by parents and later production of articles by their children were not statistically reliable. Contrary to the second hypothesis, parents of children with SLI and those with TL produced equivalent rates of article and copula recasts. The third hypothesis received support on two essential counts. First, although significant correlations were found between parental recasts of copulas and production of this form 8 months later for the children with TL, no such relations were observed for the group with SLI. Second, the rate of parental target-specific recasts was less than a quarter of the rate provided in the successful intervention of Camarata, Nelson, and Camarata (1994). We conclude that children with SLI can benefit substantially from the grammar-facilitating properties of recasts, but only when the recasts are presented at rates that are much greater than those available in typical conversations with young children.

Automated leaf physiognomic character identification from digital images

Paleobiology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman MacLeod ◽  
David Steart
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Character State ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Leaf Analysis ◽  
State Identification ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Leaf Character ◽  
Length Width

AbstractResearch into the relationship between leaf form and climate over the last century has revealed that, in many species, the sizes and shapes of leaf characters exhibit highly structured and predictable patterns of variation in response to the local climate. Several procedures have been developed that quantify covariation between the relative abundance of plant character states and the states of climate variables as a means of estimating paleoclimate parameters. One of the most widely used of these is the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP). The consistency, accuracy and reliability with which leaf characters can be identified and assigned to CLAMP character-state categories is critical to the accuracy of all CLAMP analyses. Here we report results of a series of performance tests for an image-based, fully automated at the point of use, leaf character scoring system that can be used to generate CLAMP leaf character state data for: leaf bases (acute, cordate and round), leaf apices (acute, attenuate), leaf shapes (ovate, elliptical and obovate), leaf lobing (unlobed, lobed), and leaf aspect ratios (length/width). This image-based system returned jackknifed identification accuracy ratios of between 87% and 100%. These results demonstrate that automated image-based identification systems have the potential to improve paleoenvironmental inferences via the provision of accurate, consistent and rapid CLAMP leaf-character identifications. More generally, our results provide strong support for the feasibility of using fully automated, image-based morphometric procedures to address the general problem of morphological character-state identification.

Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion: 1609–1666

1964 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Planetary Motion ◽  
Exact Form ◽  
The Third ◽  
Kepler's Laws ◽  
Third Law ◽  
Century Science ◽  
Kepler’S Laws

SynopsisHistorians of seventeenth-century science have frequently asserted that Kepler's laws of planetary motion were largely ignored between the time of their first publication (1609, 1619) and the publication of Newton's Principia (1687). In fact, however, they were more widely known and accepted than has been generally recognized.Kepler's ideas were, indeed, rather slow in establishing themselves, and until about 1630 there are few references to them in the literature of the time. But from then onwards, interest in them increased fairly rapidly. In particular, the principle of elliptical orbits had been accepted by most of the leading astronomers in France before 1645 and in England by about 1655. It also received quite strong support in Holland.The second law had a more chequered history. It was enunciated in its exact form by a few writers and was used in practice by some others without being explicitly formulated, but the majority, especially after 1645, preferred one or another of several variant forms which were easier to use but only approximately correct. The third law attracted less interest than the others, chiefly perhaps because it had no satisfactory theoretical basis, but it was correctly stated by at least six writers during the period under review.Between about 1630 and 1650 Kepler's Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae (in which all three laws were clearly formulated) was probably the most widely read work on theoretical astronomy in northern and western Europe, while his Rudolphine Tables, which were based upon the first two laws, were regarded by the majority of astronomers as the most accurate planetary tables available.Kepler's work certainly did not receive all the recognition it deserved, but the extent to which it was neglected has been much exaggerated.

scholarly journals The Multiple Dialectics of a Text and Author—A Study on Seng Zhao’s Non-Complete Emptiness (Bu zhenkong lun)

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 462
Author(s):  
Kai Shmushko
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Cultural Relevance ◽  
The Third ◽  
Medieval China ◽  
Textual Traditions

In discussing the arrival of Buddhism to China, Erik Zürcher describes the meeting of “a jungle of Buddhist metaphysics” with other local philosophies and practices. This period was a transformative encounter with wide-ranging ramifications, including for textual traditions. Non-complete Emptiness (Bu zhenkong lun 不真空論), written by Seng Zhao 僧肇, is one product of this encounter. While explaining the principle of emptiness, Non-complete Emptiness incorporates Daoist and Confucian terminologies and elements. Nevertheless, the text is considered formative for the development of Buddhist writing and practice during the critical period of Buddhism’s assimilation into China in the third to fifth centuries AD. This study of Non-complete Emptiness looks at the philosophical and cultural relevance of the text. It suggests a methodological solution to some of the tensions that have arisen from Seng Zhao’s notion of emptiness. The article begins by looking into the historical and hermeneutical tendencies in the scholarship of Non-complete Emptiness. The following section provides a textual and cultural analysis of the text and its author, viewing the sage as an “open entity”, to understand Seng Zhao’s idea of emptiness. This analysis suggests that a multiple dialectic approach should be followed to improve the understanding of the text’s Buddhist message and Seng Zhao’s position as a scholar-monk in medieval China.

scholarly journals A central component of the N1 event-related brain potential could index the early and automatic inhibition of the actions systematically activated by objects

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Touzel ◽  
Christine Snidal ◽  
Julia Segal ◽  
Louis Renoult ◽  
J. Bruno Debruille
Keyword(s):  
Strong Support ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Press ◽  
Initial Activation ◽  
Early Inhibition

AbstractStimuli of the environment, like objects, systematically activate the actions they are associated to. These activations occur extremely fast. Nevertheless, behavioural data reveal that, in most cases, these activations are then automatically inhibited, around 100 ms after the occurrence of the stimulus. We thus tested whether this early inhibition could be indexed by a central component of the N1 event-related brain potential (ERP). To achieve that goal, we looked at whether this ERP component is greater in tasks that could increase the inhibition and in trials where reaction times happen to be long. The illumination of a real space bar of a keyboard out of the dark was used as a stimulus. To maximize the modulation of the inhibition, the task participants had to performed was manipulated across blocks. A look-only task and a count task were used to increase inhibition and an immediate press task was used to decrease it. ERPs of the two block-conditions where presses had to be prevented and where the largest central N1s were predicted were compared to those elicited in the press task, differentiating the ERPs to the third of the trials where presses were the slowest from the ERPs to the third of the trials with the fastest presses. Despite larger negativities due to motor potentials and despite greater attention likely in immediate press-trials, central N1s were found to be minimal for the fastest presses, intermediate for the slowest ones and maximal for the two no-press conditions. These results thus provide a strong support for the idea that the central N1 indexes an early and short lasting automatic inhibition of the actions systematically activated by objects. They also confirm that the strength of this automatic inhibition spontaneously fluctuates across trials and tasks. On the other hand, just before N1s, parietal P1s were found greater for fastest presses. They might thus index the initial activation of these actions. Finally, consistent with the idea that N300s index late inhibition processes, that occur preferentially when the task requires them, these ERPs were quasi absent for fast presses trials and much larger in the three other conditions.HighlightsEvent-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by a real objectSmaller parietal P1s and greater central N1s for slowest than for fastest motor responsesEven greater central N1s for tasks without such responsesCentral N1s may index early inhibition of stimulus-activated actionsN300s could index late inhibition of stimulus-activated actions

scholarly journals Commentary on Gruhn et al.'s "How Stable is Pitch Labeling Accuracy in Absolute Pitch Possessors?"

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Kelly Jakubowski
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Developmental Research ◽  
Spectral Content ◽  
Single Tone ◽  
Psychometric Instrument ◽  
Development Prospects ◽  
Early Training

In this commentary, I discuss the results and implications of "How stable is pitch labeling accuracy in absolute pitch possessors?" by Gruhn, Ristmägi, Schneider, D'Souza, and Kiilu (2018). Their work provides some new insights on the accuracy of single tone labeling by absolute pitch (AP) possessors as a function of the spectral content of the presented tones. Previous findings on the effects of the familiarity of timbre and pitch chroma and early training in music are replicated and confirmed, indicating a role of learning and exposure in AP development. Prospects for future research are discussed, including the necessity of a validated psychometric instrument for measuring AP ability, and the need for longitudinal developmental research to more precisely isolate the factors that contribute to AP acquisition.

scholarly journals Cerebellum and Prematurity: A Complex Interplay Between Disruptive and Dysmaturational Events

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Spoto ◽  
Greta Amore ◽  
Luigi Vetri ◽  
Giuseppe Quatrosi ◽  
Anna Cafeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Early Intervention ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Cerebellar Development ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
The Third ◽  
Developing Cerebellum

The cerebellum plays a critical regulatory role in motor coordination, cognition, behavior, language, memory, and learning, hence overseeing a multiplicity of functions. Cerebellar development begins during early embryonic development, lasting until the first postnatal years. Particularly, the greatest increase of its volume occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy, which represents a critical period for cerebellar maturation. Preterm birth and all the related prenatal and perinatal contingencies may determine both dysmaturative and lesional events, potentially involving the developing cerebellum, and contributing to the constellation of the neuropsychiatric outcomes with several implications in setting-up clinical follow-up and early intervention.

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