scholarly journals A corynecaterium glutamicum expression system for glycoside hydrolase analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirak Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Expression System ◽  
Lysosomal Storage Diseases ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Structure And Activity

The biological hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages in complex sugars is facilitated by glycoside hydrolases. These enzymes are ubiquitous across all domains of life, playing significant roles in important biological processes like the degradation of cellulosic biomass, viral pathogenesis, antibacterial defense, and normal cellular functions. The potential industrial applications of highly efficient glycoside hydrolases, as well as the fact that a number of lysosomal storage diseases have been attributed to deficiencies in these enzymes 43, 22, merits further study into their structure and activity. For this reason, a handful of novel glycoside hydrolases from Cellulomonas fimi, a Gram-positive Actinobacteria known for its ability to degrade cellulose 39, will be cloned, expressed and biochemically analyzed.

scholarly journals A corynecaterium glutamicum expression system for glycoside hydrolase analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirak Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Expression System ◽  
Lysosomal Storage Diseases ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
Cellulosic Biomass ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Structure And Activity

The biological hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages in complex sugars is facilitated by glycoside hydrolases. These enzymes are ubiquitous across all domains of life, playing significant roles in important biological processes like the degradation of cellulosic biomass, viral pathogenesis, antibacterial defense, and normal cellular functions. The potential industrial applications of highly efficient glycoside hydrolases, as well as the fact that a number of lysosomal storage diseases have been attributed to deficiencies in these enzymes 43, 22, merits further study into their structure and activity. For this reason, a handful of novel glycoside hydrolases from Cellulomonas fimi, a Gram-positive Actinobacteria known for its ability to degrade cellulose 39, will be cloned, expressed and biochemically analyzed.

scholarly journals Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases in Bacteria: Active Site, Structure, Function and Application

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsuk Oh ◽  
T. Doohun Kim ◽  
Kyeong Kyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Head Group ◽  
Carboxylic Ester ◽  
Site Structure ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Carboxylic Esters ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Ester Hydrolases

Carboxylic ester hydrolases (CEHs), which catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic esters to produce alcohol and acid, are identified in three domains of life. In the Protein Data Bank (PDB), 136 crystal structures of bacterial CEHs (424 PDB codes) from 52 genera and metagenome have been reported. In this review, we categorize these structures based on catalytic machinery, structure and substrate specificity to provide a comprehensive understanding of the bacterial CEHs. CEHs use Ser, Asp or water as a nucleophile to drive diverse catalytic machinery. The α/β/α sandwich architecture is most frequently found in CEHs, but 3-solenoid, β-barrel, up-down bundle, α/β/β/α 4-layer sandwich, 6 or 7 propeller and α/β barrel architectures are also found in these CEHs. Most are substrate-specific to various esters with types of head group and lengths of the acyl chain, but some CEHs exhibit peptidase or lactamase activities. CEHs are widely used in industrial applications, and are the objects of research in structure- or mutation-based protein engineering. Structural studies of CEHs are still necessary for understanding their biological roles, identifying their structure-based functions and structure-based engineering and their potential industrial applications.

scholarly journals Nudix proteins affecting microbial pathogenesis

Microbiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 166 (12) ◽  
pp. 1110-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elzbieta Kraszewska ◽  
Joanna Drabinska
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
The State ◽  
Microbial Pathogenesis ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Broad Substrate Specificity ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Nudix proteins catalyse hydrolysis of pyrophosphate bonds in a variety of substrates and are ubiquitous in all domains of life. Their widespread presence and broad substrate specificity suggest that they have important cellular functions. In this review, we summarize the state of knowledge on microbial Nudix proteins involved in pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Metabolism of Glycosphingolipids and Their Role in the Pathophysiology of Lysosomal Storage Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex E. Ryckman ◽  
Inka Brockhausen ◽  
Jagdeep S. Walia
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Lysosomal Storage Diseases ◽  
Sandhoff Disease ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Head Group ◽  
Cell Recognition ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Storage Disorders

Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a specialized class of membrane lipids composed of a ceramide backbone and a carbohydrate-rich head group. GSLs populate lipid rafts of the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells, and serve important cellular functions including control of cell–cell signaling, signal transduction and cell recognition. Of the hundreds of unique GSL structures, anionic gangliosides are the most heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) such as Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease. Each LSD is characterized by the accumulation of GSLs in the lysosomes of neurons, which negatively interact with other intracellular molecules to culminate in cell death. In this review, we summarize the biosynthesis and degradation pathways of GSLs, discuss how aberrant GSL metabolism contributes to key features of LSD pathophysiology, draw parallels between LSDs and neurodegenerative proteinopathies such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease and lastly, discuss possible therapies for patients.

scholarly journals A baculoviral system for the production of human β-glucocerebrosidase enables atomic resolution analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 565-580
Author(s):  
Rhianna J. Rowland ◽  
Liang Wu ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
Gideon J. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Expression System ◽  
Baculovirus Expression System ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Binding Studies ◽  
Enzyme Replacement ◽  
Resolution Analysis ◽  
Comparable Activity ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Medical Interest

The lysosomal glycoside hydrolase β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA; sometimes called GBA1 or GCase) catalyses the hydrolysis of glycosphingolipids. Inherited deficiencies in GBA cause the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease (GD). Consequently, GBA is of considerable medical interest, with continuous advances in the development of inhibitors, chaperones and activity-based probes. The development of new GBA inhibitors requires a source of active protein; however, the majority of structural and mechanistic studies of GBA today rely on clinical enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) formulations, which are incredibly costly and are often difficult to obtain in adequate supply. Here, the production of active crystallizable GBA in insect cells using a baculovirus expression system is reported, providing a nonclinical source of recombinant GBA with comparable activity and biophysical properties to ERT preparations. Furthermore, a novel crystal form of GBA is described which diffracts to give a 0.98 Å resolution unliganded structure. A structure in complex with the inactivator 2,4-dinitrophenyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-glucopyranoside was also obtained, demonstrating the ability of this GBA formulation to be used in ligand-binding studies. In light of its purity, stability and activity, the GBA production protocol described here should circumvent the need for ERT formulations for structural and biochemical studies and serve to support GD research.

Lysosphingolipids and mitochondrial function. II. Deleterious effects of sphingosylphosphorylcholine

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 1322-1332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula M. Strasberg ◽  
John W. Callahan
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Lysosomal Storage Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Atpase ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Mitochondrial Membranes ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Atpase Reaction ◽  
Wide Range

Psychosine, sphingosylphosphorylcholine (52–104 μM), and other glycosphingolipids stimulate mitochondrial respiration (up to 500%) and inhibit oxidative phosphorylation to varying degrees. Above 104 μM these functions as well as uptake of Ca2+ are prevented. At 104 μM sphingosylphosphorylcholine inhibits the mitochondrial ATPase reaction in submitochondrial particles by 48%. Both sphingosylphosphorylcholine and psychosine enhance the active phosphate-dependent swelling of mitochondria. Passive swelling occurs in the presence of rotenone (when swelling does not normally occur) and under hypotonic conditions. A direct interaction of sphingosylphosphorylcholine with membranes is demonstrated by a discharge of the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes, hemolysis of red blood cells, and binding to inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. Thus lysosphingolipids bind strongly to mitochondrial membranes and markedly alter mitochondrial function. This alteration would affect the ATP levels, thereby altering a wide range of ATP-dependent cellular functions. These results offer a partial explanation for the pathogenesis of representative lysosomal storage diseases.

Characterization of termite Trinervitermes trinervoides metagenome-derived glycoside hydrolases, the formulation of synergistic core enzyme sets for effective sweet sorghum and corncob saccharification, and their potential industrial applications

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mpho Stephen Mafa
Keyword(s):  
Protein Structure ◽  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Product Inhibition ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
Core Enzyme ◽  
Polymeric Substrates ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The current study investigated the biochemical properties of endo-glucanase (GH5E), exo-glucanase (GH5D), xylanase (GH5H) and endo-glucanase/xylanase (GH45), derived from the hindgut bacterial symbionts of a termite (Trinervitermes trinervoides) for their potential role in the biotechnology industry. All these enzymes, except GH5D, exhibited activities on cellulosic and xylan-rich polymeric substrates, which only displayed activity on p-nitrophenyl cellobioside. GH5D, GH5E, GH5H and GH45 enzymes retained more than 80% of their activities at pH 5.5 and also retained more than 80% of their activities at 40ºC. Furthermore, these enzymes were thermostable at 37ºC for 72 hours. GH5E, GH5H and GH45 were generally stable over a range of metal-ion. The kinetic parameters for GH5E were 5.68 mg/ml (KM) and 34.36 U/mg protein (Vmax). GH5D activity did not follow classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics, suggesting product inhibition. GH5H displayed KM values of 5.53, 95.03 and 2.10 mg/ml and Vmax values of 112.36, 144.45 and 180.32 U/mg protein on beechwood xylan, CMC, and xyloglucan, respectively. GH45 displayed a KM of 6.94 mg/ml and a Vmax of 12.30 U/mg protein on CMC. GH5D [cellobiohydrolase (CBH)] and a commercial CBHII (GH6) enzyme outperformed a commercial CBHI (GH7) enzyme when these enzymes hydrolysed β-glucan. GH5D and CBHII also displayed a higher degree of synergy on β-glucan but failed to show synergy on Avicel. We therefore concluded that GH5D and CBHII are β-glucan-specific cellobiohydrolases. The corncob (CC) and sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) substrates were pretreated with lime, NaOH and NaClO2. Subsequent to pretreatment, these substrates were used to investigate if GH5D, GH5E, GH5H and GH45 could operate in synergy. Results revealed that out of 12 possible core enzyme sets constructed, only two (referred to as CES-E and CES-H) displayed higher activities on pretreated CC or SSB. Simultaneous synergy was generally the most effective mode of synergy during hydrolysis of alkaline pretreated SSB and CC samples by both CES-E and CES-H. Both core enzyme sets did not display synergy on oxidative pretreated substrates. These findings suggest that lime and NaOH are more effective pretreatments for CC and SSB substrates. We used PRotein Interactive MOdeling (PRIMO) software to demonstrate that GH5D protein structure is an (α/β)8 barrel with a tunnel-like active site. Enzymes with this type of protein structure are able to perform transglycosylation, a process in which GH5D produced methyl, ethyl and propyl cellobiosides. We concluded that the GH5D, GH5E, GH5H and GH45 enzymes possess novel biochemical properties and that they form synergy during the hydrolysis of complex substrates (SSB and CC). GH5D transglycosylation could be used to produce novel biodegradable chemicals with special properties (e.g. anti-microbial properties). In conclusion, our findings suggest that GH5D, GH5E, GH5H and GH45 can potentially be used to improve biorefinery processes.

scholarly journals Fisiologie en patofísiologie van selorganelle

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
J. J. Theron ◽  
N. Claasen ◽  
A. Panzer
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Lysosomal Storage Diseases ◽  
Congenital Absence ◽  
Specific Substrate ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Lysosomal Hydrolases ◽  
Storage Diseases ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Congenital absence of one or more lysosomal hydrolases results in accumulation of the relevant substrate and development of the so- called lysosomal storage diseases (LSD). Approximately 22 different types of LSD are known, which are divided into three groups according to the chemical nature of the specific substrate: sphingolipidoses, mucopolvsaccharridoses (defective hydrolysis of glycosaminoglycans) and glycoproteinoses. Other lysosomal clinical syndromes may result from defects in the biogenesis of the organelle or abnormalities in transport of metabolites across the lysosomal membrane.

Autophagy promotes cell survival by maintaining NAD(H) levels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Sedlackova ◽  
Tetsushi Kataura ◽  
Elena Seranova ◽  
Congxin Sun ◽  
Elsje Otten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Survival ◽  
Lysosomal Storage Diseases ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Cellular Survival ◽  
Tissue Degeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Membrane Depolarisation ◽  
The Many

Abstract Autophagy is an essential catabolic process that promotes the clearance of surplus or damaged intracellular components1. As a recycling process, autophagy is also important for the maintenance of cellular metabolites to aid metabolic homeostasis2. Loss of autophagy in animal models or malfunction of this process in a number of age-related human pathologies, including neurodegenerative and lysosomal storage diseases, contributes to tissue degeneration3-9. However, it remains unclear which of the many cellular functions of autophagy primarily underlies its role in cell survival. Here we have identified an evolutionarily conserved role of autophagy from yeast to humans in the preservation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) levels, which are critical for cellular survival. In respiring cells, loss of autophagy caused hyperactivation of PARP and Sirtuin families of NADases. Uncontrolled depletion of NAD(H) pool by these enzymes resulted in mitochondrial membrane depolarisation and cell death. Supplementation with NAD(H) precursors improved cell viability in autophagy-deficient models including human pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons with autophagy deficiency or patient-derived neurons with autophagy dysfunction. Our study provides a mechanistic link between autophagy and NAD(H) metabolism, and suggests that boosting NAD(H) levels may have therapeutic benefits in human diseases associated with autophagy dysfunction.

scholarly journals Xyloglucan Oligosaccharides Hydrolysis by Exo-Acting Glycoside Hydrolases from Hyperthermophilic Microorganism Saccharolobus solfataricus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3325
Author(s):  
Nicola Curci ◽  
Andrea Strazzulli ◽  
Roberta Iacono ◽  
Federica De De Lise ◽  
Luisa Maurelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Apple Pomace ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
Hyperthermophilic Archaea ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Hyperthermophilic Microorganism ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Harsh Conditions

In the field of biocatalysis and the development of a bio-based economy, hemicellulases have attracted great interest for various applications in industrial processes. However, the study of the catalytic activity of the lignocellulose-degrading enzymes needs to be improved to achieve the efficient hydrolysis of plant biomasses. In this framework, hemicellulases from hyperthermophilic archaea show interesting features as biocatalysts and provide many advantages in industrial applications thanks to their stability in the harsh conditions encountered during the pretreatment process. However, the hemicellulases from archaea are less studied compared to their bacterial counterpart, and the activity of most of them has been barely tested on natural substrates. Here, we investigated the hydrolysis of xyloglucan oligosaccharides from two different plants by using, both synergistically and individually, three glycoside hydrolases from Saccharolobus solfataricus: a GH1 β-gluco-/β-galactosidase, a α-fucosidase belonging to GH29, and a α-xylosidase from GH31. The results showed that the three enzymes were able to release monosaccharides from xyloglucan oligosaccharides after incubation at 65 °C. The concerted actions of β-gluco-/β-galactosidase and the α-xylosidase on both xyloglucan oligosaccharides have been observed, while the α-fucosidase was capable of releasing all α-linked fucose units from xyloglucan from apple pomace, representing the first GH29 enzyme belonging to subfamily A that is active on xyloglucan.

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