scholarly journals Estimating power consumption in City of Toronto: a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Muhammad Shees Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Categorical Data ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Technical Issues

Ontario’s energy system provides reliable and clean energy to the province. The demand of electricity is rising throughout the world, thus Ontario’s goal is to maintain the demand and generation of electricity. In this report we have discussed the electricity demand of Ontario and divided the sectors into categorical data of electricity and studied peak hour demands of Toronto. First, we have briefly discussed the introduction, which includes the history, geographical location and socio-economic importance of Toronto. Then in the literature review we have highlighted Ontario’s generation of electricity, which is produced by various renewable energy sources and have further discussed their drawbacks. The survey is focused on the demand of electricity in Toronto by calculating the requirement and then distributing the data into 24 hours, from which we have studied peak hours demand in various categories such as residential buildings, offices, shops etc. The purpose of this survey is to monitor the electricity demand in order to reduce power outages and blackouts due to technical issues.

scholarly journals Estimating power consumption in City of Toronto: a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Muhammad Shees Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Categorical Data ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Technical Issues

Ontario’s energy system provides reliable and clean energy to the province. The demand of electricity is rising throughout the world, thus Ontario’s goal is to maintain the demand and generation of electricity. In this report we have discussed the electricity demand of Ontario and divided the sectors into categorical data of electricity and studied peak hour demands of Toronto. First, we have briefly discussed the introduction, which includes the history, geographical location and socio-economic importance of Toronto. Then in the literature review we have highlighted Ontario’s generation of electricity, which is produced by various renewable energy sources and have further discussed their drawbacks. The survey is focused on the demand of electricity in Toronto by calculating the requirement and then distributing the data into 24 hours, from which we have studied peak hours demand in various categories such as residential buildings, offices, shops etc. The purpose of this survey is to monitor the electricity demand in order to reduce power outages and blackouts due to technical issues.

scholarly journals Energy passivation of a building. The ICSTM building case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
Otilia Nedelcu ◽  
Ioan Corneliu Salisteanu ◽  
Traian Ivanovici ◽  
Valentin Dogaru
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
External Power ◽  
Technological Research Institute

The renewable energy sources are becoming more and more current in the energy supply of buildings, from residential buildings to institutional buildings. The renewable energy sources have proved to be a solution and an important element of the Romanian Energy System. We are starting from the idea of using the renewable sources to passivize a building, and we are relying on existing facilities in the Multidisciplinary Scientific and Technological Research Institute (ICSTM) from Valahia University of Targoviste (UVT) to produce the energy from its own sources. We are also considering the consumption data from previous year as well as the electric link to external power grid. This paper aims to propose new renewable energy units so that ICSTM become energetical independent. Currently, the ICSTM building consumes an amount of energy produced from renewable sources about three times less than that consumed from the external network. In order to determine the number of equipment, specifically CPV (concentrating photovoltaic) panels placed on trackers, it is desirable to create a 40% reserve above the installed power, taking in account the possible future development of the research laboratories.

A Framework for the Development of Technical Requirements for Renewable Energy Systems at a Small-Scale Airport Facility

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy V. Nguyen ◽  
Aldo Fabregas Ariza ◽  
Nicholas W. Miller ◽  
Ismael Cremer
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Target System ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Systems ◽  
Technical Requirements

Airports are key components of the global transportation system and are the subject of continuous sustainability improvements. Promoting clean energy sources and energy-efficient practices can help attain major sustainability goals at airports around the world. Although small airports are greater in number, most of the “sustainability” attention has been given to large airports. Small airports are typically located in rural areas, making them excellent candidates for renewable energy. This paper focuses on the planning and selection of renewable energy systems as a strategic method to reduce energy use and increase electric power reliability at small-scale airport facilities. The target system may use a combination of renewable energy sources to produce electrical power for the on-site facilities. The framework details include methods of energy collection, power production, and energy storage that are environmentally sound. A small airport serving a dual role as a flight training facility was used as case study. In the case study, systems engineering methodology was adapted to the small airport/ renewable energy domain in order to effectively identify stakeholders and elicit user requirements. These, coupled with industrial standards, relevant government regulations, and a priori constraints, are used to derive the initial requirements that serve as the basis for a preliminary design. The proposed framework also contains provisions for an on-site assessment of existing airport energy needs, sources, providers, and location-specific assets and challenges.

scholarly journals Cost-Optimized Heat and Power Supply for Residential Buildings: The Cost-Reducing Effect of Forming Smart Energy Neighborhoods

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 5093
Author(s):  
Christoph Bahret ◽  
Ludger Eltrop
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Linear Optimization ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Rural Environments ◽  
Neighborhood Scale ◽  
Storage Technologies ◽  
The Cost

The Clean Energy for all Europeans Package by the EU aims, among other things, to enable collective self-consumption for various forms of energy. This step towards more prosumer-based and decentralized energy systems comes at a time when energy planning at a neighborhood scale is on the rise in many countries. It is widely assumed that—from a prosumer’s cost-perspective—shared conversion and storage technologies supplying more than a single building can be advantageous. However, it is not clear whether this is the case generally or only under certain conditions. By analyzing idealized building clusters at different degrees of urbanization (DOU), a linear-optimization approach is used to study the cost difference between shared energy infrastructure (smart energy neighborhoods, SENs) and individually planned buildings. This procedure is carried out for various emission reduction targets. The results show, that with higher emission reduction targets the advantage of SENs increases within rural environments and can reach up to 16%. Nevertheless, there are constellations in which the share of energetic infrastructure among buildings does not lead to any economic advantages. For example, in the case of building clusters with less than four buildings, almost no cost advantage is found. The result of this study underlines the importance of energy system planning within the process of urban planning.

scholarly journals Flexibility Assessment of Multi-Energy Residential and Commercial Buildings

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2704
Author(s):  
António Coelho ◽  
Filipe Soares ◽  
João Peças Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Electrical Network ◽  
Electrical Networks ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Integration Of Renewables

With the growing concern about decreasing CO 2 emissions, renewable energy sources are being vastly integrated in the energy systems worldwide. This will bring new challenges to the network operators, which will need to find sources of flexibility to cope with the variable-output nature of these technologies. Demand response and multi-energy systems are being widely studied and considered as a promising solution to mitigate possible problems that may occur in the energy systems due to the large-scale integration of renewables. In this work, an optimal model to manage the resources and loads within residential and commercial buildings was developed, considering consumers preferences, electrical network restrictions and CO 2 emissions. The flexibility that these buildings can provide was analyzed and quantified. Additionally, it was shown how this model can be used to solve technical problems in electrical networks, comparing the performance of two scenarios of flexibility provision: flexibility obtained only from electrical loads vs. flexibility obtained from multi-energy loads. It was proved that multi-energy systems bring more options of flexibility, as they can rely on non-electrical resources to supply the same energy needs and thus relieve the electrical network. It was also found that commercial buildings can offer more flexibility during the day, while residential buildings can offer more during the morning and evening. Nonetheless, Multi-Energy System (MES) buildings end up having higher CO 2 emissions due to a higher consumption of natural gas.

scholarly journals Houses Based on Natural Stone; A Case Study—The Bay of Kotor (Montenegro)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3866
Author(s):  
Dušan Tomanović ◽  
Irena Rajković ◽  
Mirko Grbić ◽  
Julija Aleksić ◽  
Nebojša Gadžić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Stone Walls

The Bay of Kotor, in its exceptional natural conditions, thanks to its geographical location and influenced by historical events, saw the development of rural settlements that are historically, artistically and culturally worthy of recognition. These stone settlements were acquired completely spontaneously, keeping the same pace as the settling, and transformed to some degree due to contemporary social movement and migration. Up until the middle of the 20th century, structures on the coastline in general were built by applying the same verified methods, which remained unchanged for centuries. Unreinforced stone walls as load-bearing vertical elements, coupled with wooden floor joists attached in a traditional way are typically present in the stone architecture of the Adriatic region and karst areas in general. The construction characteristics of the stone houses built in such a way meet all needs in terms of strength, thermal insulation, and are suitable for the coastal climate of this region. The fast-paced development in the past 50 years, the inadequate legal protection of residential buildings in the Bay of Kotor, poverty, and the new rich have brought about the devastation of not only buildings built in traditional architecture styles themselves, but also the urban landscape of the bay. Throughout the Bay of Kotor, buildings built in traditional architecture styles are nowadays more and more rare to see in their original shape—houses outside of cities but which display all characteristics of civic coastal houses and buildings free of rigid style rules, even though closely in contact with them. Regardless of efforts to preserve the heritage inherited by our ancestors, cultural monuments and houses referenced here deteriorate on a daily basis due to troubles and neglect.

scholarly journals Multi-Energy School System for Seasonal Use in the Mediterranean Area

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8458
Author(s):  
Antonino D’Amico ◽  
Domenico Panno ◽  
Giuseppina Ciulla ◽  
Antonio Messineo
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
School Activities ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Payback Time ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
High Degree

School buildings represent an energy-consuming sector of real estate where different efficiency actions are necessary. The literature shows how the design of a multi-energy system offers numerous advantages, however, there are problems related to the integration of cogeneration units with renewable energy sources due to the low flexibility of the first one and the high degree of uncertainty of the latter. The authors provide an alternative solution through the analysis of a case study consisting of a multiple energy system in three Sicilian schools, focusing on the system’s operational strategy, on the design and sizing of components and trying to exploit the energy needs complementarity of buildings instead of integrating the conventional energy storage systems. Not considering school activities in summer, it was decided to install a cogeneration unit sized on winter thermal loads, whereas the electricity demand not covered was reduced with photovoltaic systems designed to maximize production for seasonal use and with loads concentrated in the morning hours. The effectiveness of this idea, which can be replicated for similar users and areas, is proved by a payback time of less than 11 years and a reduction of 31.77% of the CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Atmospheric emissions from electric energy generation and their impact on environment, and the potential of renewable energy sources in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 271 ◽  
pp. 02014
Author(s):  
Tong Wang ◽  
Longmiao Yuan ◽  
Yingqin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Total Energy Consumption

The European Union has set targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in total energy consumption, ensure the development and use of clean energy sources, and strive to reduce carbon emissions by 90% from 1990 levels by 2050. This study attempts to assess the environmental impact of electricity production on electricity demand and associated emissions in Italy through a three-step process. First, a literature review was conducted to estimate the growth of electricity demand in Italy by population and industry in 2014. Secondly, the CO2 and SO2 produced in the process of power generation by different power production methods were evaluated and compared. Finally, according to the current production and power models, the development trend of renewable energy in Italy in 2050 was estimated, and the satisfactory conclusion is that the renewable energy can fully meet the supply and demand in 2050 in Italy.

scholarly journals Peak Power of Heat Source for Domestic Hot Water Preparation (DHW) for Residential Estate in Poland as a Representative Case Study for the Climate of Central Europe

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 8047
Author(s):  
Łukasz Amanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Heat Source ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Domestic Hot Water ◽  
Heat Demand ◽  
Selection Of

Due to the energy transformation in buildings, the proportions of energy consumption for heating, ventilation and domestic hot water preparation (DHW) have changed. The latter component can now play a significant role, not only in the context of the annual heat demand, but also in the context of selecting the peak power of the heat source. In this paper, the comparison of chosen methods for its calculation is presented. The results show that for contemporary residential buildings, the peak power for DHW preparation can achieve the same or higher value as the peak power for heating and ventilation. For this reason, nowadays the correct selection of the peak power of a heat source for DHW purposes becomes more important, especially if it uses renewable energy sources, because it affects its size and so the investment cost and economic efficiency. It is also indicated that in modern buildings, mainly accumulative systems with hot water storage tanks should be taken into account because they are less sensitive to design errors (wrongly selected peak value in the context of the uncertainty of hot water consumption) and because they result in acceptable value of peak power for DHW in comparison to heating and ventilation.

Design Optimization of Electrical Hubs Using Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. D. Perera ◽  
Vahid M. Nik ◽  
D. Mauree ◽  
J.-L. Scartezzini
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithm ◽  
System Design ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Simultaneous Optimization ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Virtual Power Plants

Integration of non-dispatchable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar into the grid is challenging due to the stochastic nature of energy sources. Hence, electrical hubs (EH) and virtual power plants that combine non-dispatchable energy sources, energy storage and dispatchable energy sources such as internal combustion generators and micro gas turbines are getting popular. However, designing such energy systems considering the electricity demand of a neighborhood, curtailments for grid interactions and real time pricing (RTP) of the main utility grid (MUG) is a difficult exercise. Seasonal and hourly variation of electricity demand, potential for each non-dispatchable energy source and RTP of MUG needs to be considered when designing the energy system. Representation of dispatch strategy plays a major role in this process where simultaneous optimization of system design and dispatch strategy is required. This study presents a bi-level dispatch strategy based on reinforced learning for simultaneous optimization of system design and operation strategy of an EH. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was combined with a finite state controller to obtain the operating state of the system. Pareto optimization is conducted considering, lifecycle cost and system autonomy to obtain optimum system design using evolutionary algorithm.

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