scholarly journals Biomineralization of Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Leaves of (L.) Schott (Araceae) in Colocasia esculenta Response to Herbivory and Water Regime

2017 ◽  
pp. 54-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Eco ◽  
Beatriz Belonias
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Colocasia Esculenta ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Biomineralization Process ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Crystal Density ◽  
Crystal Type

Calcium oxalate crystals are common constituents of plant tissues and are believed to play a role in protection against herbivory, calcium regulation and even heavy metal sequestration. In this study, calcium oxalate crystals in leaves of Colocasia esculenta were studied in order to elucidate the biomineralization process of these inorganic components in response to herbivory and different water regimes. Different crystal types occurring in the leaves of C. esculenta were identified, described and quantified in terms of density and distribution. Two general types of calcium oxalate crystals were found, namely: the raphides and druses. The raphides were of two types, the defensive and non- defensive, and both occurred as bundles of elongated crystals enclosed in specialized cells called idioblasts. Druses were spherical conglomerate crystals extensively distributed throughout the leaf. Although degree of herbivory did not significantly affect overall density of calcium oxalate crystals, there was a highly significant interaction effect between herbivory and crystal type. With increasing degree of herbivory from 10% to 30%, the density of druses and non-defensive raphides decreased significantly but that of the defensive type increased. Water availability had a highly significant effect on overall crystal density. Interaction effect between water regime and crystal type was also highly significant. Density of druses significantly increased under waterlogged than non-waterlogged conditions while those of the defensive and non-defensive raphides were unaffected.

scholarly journals Types and Location of Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Dieffen-bachia Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 835C-835
Author(s):  
Hui Cao ◽  
Hui Cao ◽  
Dennis B. McConnell ◽  
Jianjun Chen*
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Plant Organ ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Crystal Density ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Location Type ◽  
Do So

The irritant effect of Dieffenbachia sap is attributed to protelytic enxymes but calcium oxalate crystals are considered to puncture cells and allow enzyme entrance. To date, no detailed study of the location, type, or frequency of calcium oxalate crystals in Dieffenbachia species or cultivars has been undertaken. To do so, three uniform tissue culture plantlets of Dieffenbachia `Carina',`Rebecca' or `Star Bright' were transpanted into 15 cm pots, grown in a shaded greenhouse under 385 μmol·m-2·s-1 and fertigated with 20 N-8.7 P-16.6 K water-soluble fertilizer at N concentrations of 200 mg·L-1 twice weekly. Ten weeks later, samples of stem, root, and leaves were taken from 4 pots of each cultivar to determine the distribution and type of calcuium oxalate crystals in each plant organ via polarized light microscopy. Two types of calcium oxlate crystals, raphides and druses, were found in the stem, leaves and roots. Druse density increased as leaves andd stems matured while the number of raphide idioblasts remained relatively constant. Crystal density was highest at lateral initation sites of buds and roots. Significant differences were found in crystal density among cultivars even though `Carina' and `Star Bright' are sports selected from `Camille'. This suggests that reduction of calcium oxalate density of Dieffenbachia cultivars is possible through breeding.

An SEM study of raphide crystal initials in the leaves of vitis (grape)

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 984-985
Author(s):  
H. J. Arnott ◽  
M. A. Webb ◽  
L. E. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Crystal Cells ◽  
Crystal Idioblast

Many papers have been published on the structure of calcium oxalate crystals in plants, however, few deal with the early development of crystals. Large numbers of idioblastic calcium oxalate crystal cells are found in the leaves of Vitis mustangensis, V. labrusca and V. vulpina. A crystal idioblast, or raphide cell, will produce 150-300 needle-like calcium oxalate crystals within a central vacuole. Each raphide crystal is autonomous, having been produced in a separate membrane-defined crystal chamber; the idioblast''s crystal complement is collectively embedded in a water soluble glycoprotein matrix which fills the vacuole. The crystals are twins, each having a pointed and a bidentate end (Fig 1); when mature they are about 0.5-1.2 μn in diameter and 30-70 μm in length. Crystal bundles, i.e., crystals and their matrix, can be isolated from leaves using 100% ETOH. If the bundles are treated with H2O the matrix surrounding the crystals rapidly disperses.

Oxalic acid and calcium oxalate produced by Leucostoma cincta and L. persoonii in culture and in peach bark tissues

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1952-1956 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Traquair
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Crystal Morphology ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

Oxalic acid and crystals of calcium oxalate were produced during growth of Leucostoma cincta and L. persoonii on potato dextrose agar and in peach bark tissues. The identification of calcium oxalate was based on solubility characteristics, the results of KMnO4 titration, positive staining with silver nitrate – dithiooxamide, and crystal morphology as observed with light and scanning electron microscopes. Oxalic acid was detected by gas chromatography. This is the first report of oxalic acid production by both Leucostoma species causing peach canker. Calcium oxalate crystals observed on or near hyphae in culture were similar to crystals in artificially inoculated peach bark tissues. Addition of oxalic acid solutions alone to inner bark tissues caused maceration and necrosis. These results indicate a role for oxalic acid in the early stages of pathogenesis by Leucostoma spp. Tetragonal (bipyramidal) and prismatic calcium oxalate crystals formed on bark wounds treated with oxalic acid solutions were similar to those observed in infected tissues and in culture media amended with oxalic acid.

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