Oxalic acid and calcium oxalate produced by Leucostoma cincta and L. persoonii in culture and in peach bark tissues

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1952-1956 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Traquair
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Crystal Morphology ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

Oxalic acid and crystals of calcium oxalate were produced during growth of Leucostoma cincta and L. persoonii on potato dextrose agar and in peach bark tissues. The identification of calcium oxalate was based on solubility characteristics, the results of KMnO4 titration, positive staining with silver nitrate – dithiooxamide, and crystal morphology as observed with light and scanning electron microscopes. Oxalic acid was detected by gas chromatography. This is the first report of oxalic acid production by both Leucostoma species causing peach canker. Calcium oxalate crystals observed on or near hyphae in culture were similar to crystals in artificially inoculated peach bark tissues. Addition of oxalic acid solutions alone to inner bark tissues caused maceration and necrosis. These results indicate a role for oxalic acid in the early stages of pathogenesis by Leucostoma spp. Tetragonal (bipyramidal) and prismatic calcium oxalate crystals formed on bark wounds treated with oxalic acid solutions were similar to those observed in infected tissues and in culture media amended with oxalic acid.

Oxalate production by fungi: its role in pathogenicity and ecology in the soil environment

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 881-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin V. Dutton ◽  
Christine S. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Lignocellulose Degradation ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Copper Salts ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Secretion

Oxalate secretion by fungi provides many advantages for their growth and colonization of substrates. The role of oxalic acid in pathogenesis is through acidification of host tissues and sequestration of calcium from host cell walls. The formation of calcium oxalate crystals weakens the cell walls, thereby allowing polygalacturonase to effect degradation more rapidly in a synergistic response. There is good correlation between pathogenesis, virulence, and oxalic acid secretion. Solubility of soil nutrients is achieved by soil-living species, when cations freed by oxalate diffusing in clay layers increases the effective solubility of Al and Fe. Oxalate retained in hyphal mats of mycorrhizal species increases phosphate and sulphate availability. The formation of calcium oxalate crystals provides a reservoir of calcium in the ecosystem. The ability of oxalate to bind divalent cations permits detoxification of copper, particularly evident in wood preserved with copper salts. Oxalate plays a unique role in lignocellulose degradation by wood-rotting basidiomycetes, acting as a low molecular mass agent initiating decay. In addition, in white-rot fungi oxalate acts as a potential electron donor for lignin-peroxidase catalysed reduction and chelates manganese, allowing the dissolution of Mn3+from the manganese–enzyme complex and thus stimulating extracellular manganese peroxidase activity. The biosynthesis and degradation of oxalate are discussed.Key words: oxalic acid, calcium oxalate, pathogenicity, fungi.

OXALOSIS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 660-666
Author(s):  
L. YING CHOU ◽  
W. L. DONOHUE
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Inborn Error ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Inborn Error Of Metabolism ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Crystals

A case is reported of renal failure in a boy subsequent to recurrent calcium oxalate urinary calculi. The post mortem disclosed widespread deposits in the tissues of calcium oxalate crystals. These were particularly prominent in the kidneys and bone marrow. It is suggested that this is the end result of an "inborn error of metabolism" in which there was an excessive formation of oxalic acid.

Light and scanning electron microscopic observations of calcium oxalate crystals produced during growth of Sclerotium rolfsii in culture and in infected tissue

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 2028-2032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. K. Punja ◽  
S. F. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Characteristic Energy ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Crystals produced during growth of Sclerotium rolfsii on cellophane overlaying water agar were identified as calcium oxalate based on their solubility characteristics in certain acids, positive staining reaction with silver nitrate – dithiooxamide, and characteristic energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectrum. Addition of calcium salts to water agar enhanced crystal formation. Similar crystals of calcium oxalate were observed with the light and scanning electron microscopes in sugar beet and carrot leaf tissues infected by Sclerotium rolfsii. They frequently formed along the infecting hyphae or were associated with hyphal aggregates and were observed in abundance within the tissue. Addition of oxalic acid solutions to leaf discs resulted in necrosis of the tissue, and crystals similar in all respects to those produced in infected tissues were formed. These observations indicate that the oxalic acid produced by Sclerotium rolfsii in culture or in diseased tissue may sequester available calcium to form calcium oxalate, and provide evidence for the role of oxalic acid in pathogenesis.

Research note:Autoradiography utilising labelled ascorbic acid reveals biochemical and morphological details in diverse calcium oxalate crystal-forming species

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd A. Kostman ◽  
Nathan M. Tarlyn ◽  
Vincent R. Franceschi
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Pistia Stratiotes ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Water Lily ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Crystal Sand ◽  
Acid Precursor

Many plant species accumulate calcium oxalate crystals in specialised cells called crystal idioblasts. In one species of crystal-forming plants (Pistia stratiotes L.; forming raphide crystals), it has been shown that ascorbic acid is the primary precursor of oxalic acid. The question remains if this is true of other calcium oxalate crystal-forming plants. One way of answering the above question is by examining ascorbic acid as the oxalic acid precursor in diverse species with a variety of crystal types. In this study we tested ascorbic acid as the primary precursor of oxalic acid in four different species, each forming one of the four, thus far, unexamined crystal types: water hyacinth, styloid (and raphide); tomato, crystal sand; winged-bean, prismatic; water lily, astrosclereids with surface prismatic crystals. Pulse–chase feeding of 1-[14C]-ascorbic acid followed by resin embedding, microautoradiography and light microscopy were employed to examine incorporation of label into calcium oxalate crystals. For the species and crystal types studied, ascorbic acid is the primary precursor of oxalic acid and further, oxalic acid is added to crystals in patterns that correlate with the age and type of crystal involved.

An SEM study of raphide crystal initials in the leaves of vitis (grape)

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 984-985
Author(s):  
H. J. Arnott ◽  
M. A. Webb ◽  
L. E. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Crystal Cells ◽  
Crystal Idioblast

Many papers have been published on the structure of calcium oxalate crystals in plants, however, few deal with the early development of crystals. Large numbers of idioblastic calcium oxalate crystal cells are found in the leaves of Vitis mustangensis, V. labrusca and V. vulpina. A crystal idioblast, or raphide cell, will produce 150-300 needle-like calcium oxalate crystals within a central vacuole. Each raphide crystal is autonomous, having been produced in a separate membrane-defined crystal chamber; the idioblast''s crystal complement is collectively embedded in a water soluble glycoprotein matrix which fills the vacuole. The crystals are twins, each having a pointed and a bidentate end (Fig 1); when mature they are about 0.5-1.2 μn in diameter and 30-70 μm in length. Crystal bundles, i.e., crystals and their matrix, can be isolated from leaves using 100% ETOH. If the bundles are treated with H2O the matrix surrounding the crystals rapidly disperses.

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