A review of cellulose nanocrystals and nanocomposites

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELAINE C. RAMIRES ◽  
ALAIN DUFRESNE
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Nanocomposite Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Lignocellulosic Fibers ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Aqueous suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals can be obtained by acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic fibers. Cellulose nanocrystals correspond to defect-free rod-like nanoparticles that present remarkable properties such as light weight, low cost, availability of raw material, renewability, nanoscale dimension, and unique morphology. Because of these properties, cellulose nanocrystals have been largely applied as reinforcing fillers in nanocomposites materials. This paper discusses the preparation, morphological features, and physical properties of cellulose nanocrystals, as well as their incorporation in nanocomposite materials.

scholarly journals Tagasaste, leucaena and paulownia: three industrial crops for energy and hemicelluloses production

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Palma ◽  
Javier Mauricio Loaiza ◽  
Manuel J. Díaz ◽  
Juan Carlos García ◽  
Inmaculada Giráldez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Of Combustion ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Chamaecytisus Proliferus

Abstract Background Burning fast-growing trees for energy production can be an effective alternative to coal combustion. Thus, lignocellulosic material, which can be used to obtain chemicals with a high added value, is highly abundant, easily renewed and usually inexpensive. In this work, hemicellulose extraction by acid hydrolysis of plant biomass from three different crops (Chamaecytisus proliferus, Leucaena diversifolia and Paulownia trihybrid) was modelled and the resulting solid residues were used for energy production. Results The influence of the nature of the lignocellulosic raw material and the operating conditions used to extract the hemicellulose fraction on the heat capacity and activation energy of the subsequent combustion process was examined. The heat power and the activation energy of the combustion process were found to depend markedly on the hemicellulose content of the raw material. Thus, a low content in hemicelluloses resulted in a lower increased energy yield after acid hydrolysis stage. The process was also influenced by the operating conditions of the acid hydrolysis treatment, which increased the gross calorific value (GCV) of the solid residue by 0.6–9.7% relative to the starting material. In addition, the activation energy of combustion of the acid hydrolysis residues from Chamaecytisus proliferus (Tagasaste) and Paulownia trihybrid (Paulownia) was considerably lower than that for the starting materials, the difference increasing with increasing degree of conversion as well as with increasing temperature and acid concentration in the acid hydrolysis. The activation energy of combustion of the solid residues from acid hydrolysis of tagasaste and paulownia decreased markedly with increasing degree of conversion, and also with increasing temperature and acid concentration in the acid hydrolysis treatment. No similar trend was observed in Leucaena diversifolia (Leucaena) owing to its low content in hemicelluloses. Conclusions Acid hydrolysis of tagasaste, leucaena and paulownia provided a valorizable liquor containing a large amount of hemicelluloses and a solid residue with an increased heat power amenable to efficient valorization by combustion. There are many potential applications of the hemicelluloses-rich and lignin-rich fraction, for example as multi-components of bio-based feedstocks for 3D printing, for energy and other value-added chemicals.

scholarly journals Tagasaste, Leucaena and Paulownia. Three Industrial Crops for Energy and Hemicelluloses Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Palma ◽  
Javier Mauricio Loaiza Rodriguez ◽  
Manuel J. Díaz ◽  
Juan Carlos García ◽  
Inmaculada Giráldez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Solid Residue ◽  
Heat Power ◽  
Energy Of Combustion ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Abstract BackgroundBurning fast-growing trees for energy production can be an effective alternative to coal combustion. Thus, lignocellulosic material, which can be used to obtain chemicals with a high added value, is highly abundant, easily renewed and usually inexpensive. In this work, hemicellulose extraction by acid hydrolysis of plant biomass from three different crops (Chamaecytisus proliferus, Leucaena diversifolia and Paulownia trihybrid) was modelled and the resulting solid residues were used for energy production.ResultsThe influence of the nature of the lignocellulosic raw material and the operating conditions used to extract the hemicellulose fraction on the heat capacity and activation energy of the subsequent combustion process was examined.The heat power and the activation energy of the combustion process were found to depend markedly on the hemicellulose content of the raw material. Thus, a low content in hemicelluloses resulted in a lower increased combustion efficiency and energy yield after acid hydrolysis stage.The process was also influenced by the operating conditions of the hydrolysis treatment, which increased the superior calorific value (SCV) of the solid residue by 0.6–9.7% relative to the starting material. Also, the activation energy of combustion of the hydrolysis residues from tagasaste and paulownia was considerably lower than that for the starting materials, the difference increasing with increasing degree of conversion as well as with increasing temperature and acid concentration in the acid hydrolysis.The activation energy of combustion of the solid residues from acid hydrolysis of tagasaste and paulownia decreased markedly with increasing degree of conversion, and also with increasing temperature and acid concentration in the hydrolysis treatment. No similar trend was observed in leucaena owing to its low content in hemicelluloses.ConclusionsAcid hydrolysis of tagasaste, leucaena and paulownia provided a valorizable liquor containing a large amount of hemicelluloses and a solid residue with an increased heat power amenable to efficient valorization by combustion. There are many potential applications of the hemicelluloses-rich and lignin-rich fraction, for example as multi-components of bio-based feedstocks for 3D printing, for energy and other value-added chemicals.

scholarly journals Cellulose Nanocrystals versus Microcrystalline Cellulose as Reinforcement of Lignopolyurethane Matrix

Fibers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine C. Ramires ◽  
Jackson D. Megiatto ◽  
Alain Dufresne ◽  
Elisabete Frollini
Keyword(s):  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sodium Lignosulfonate ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Renewable Raw Material ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) exhibit remarkable properties such as being lightweight, renewability, nanoscale dimension, raw material availability, and a unique morphology. They have been widely used in film-forming composites, but the literature is scarce concerning bulky-composites (i.e., non-filmogenic). Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is widely available and has emerged as an important material for the reinforcement of composites. This investigation focuses on the preparation of non-filmogenic composites prepared from a polyurethane-type matrix, based on modified lignosulfonate and castor oil, reinforced with CNC or MCC, aiming to compare their reinforcing capacity. CNC was obtained through the acid hydrolysis of MCC. Sodium lignosulfonate was chemically modified using glutaraldehyde to increase its reactivity towards isocyanate groups in the synthesis of lignopolyurethane. The results show that adding CNC or MCC led to materials with improved impact strength, flexural properties, and storage modulus compared to pristine lignopolyurethane. With the exception of the flexural modulus, which was higher for the CNC-reinforced composite compared to the MCC-reinforced composite, all other properties were similar. The set of results indicates that CNC and MCC are promising for the reinforcement of polyurethane-type matrices. Bulky materials with good properties and prepared from high renewable raw material contents were obtained, meeting current expectations concerning sustainable development.

A Review of Developments in the Acid Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Wastes

1987 ◽  
Vol 201 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Anderson ◽  
A Porteous
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Continuous Reactor ◽  
Municipal Solid Wastes ◽  
Fermentation Conditions ◽  
Product Separation ◽  
Cellulosic Waste ◽  
Alcohol Recovery ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Complete Process

The acid hydrolysis of cellulosic wastes has attracted the attention of many research workers around the world, especially in the last decade. This high temperature and pressure process results in the production of sugars which may be fermented to ethanol. By virtue of their cellulosic content, agricultural, industrial and municipal solid wastes may all be processed by acid hydrolysis with an end result of waste disposal and recycling/recovery of important energy sources. The complete process of the conversion of a cellulosic waste through to the end product and by-product utilization has to give due consideration to likely technologies. Some essential problems that have to be tackled are raw material storage, availability and preparation, the optimum acid hydrolysis and fermentation conditions and product separation methods. This paper is a review of the research that is taking place not only in the field of acid hydrolysis but also in the types of waste used, the concentration of the product sugars, the optimization of the fermentation conditions and the use of low-energy alcohol recovery methods to replace conventional distillation. Most research is at bench scale level with some pilot plants being reported. Also included is the authors' current work using a continuous reactor for the hydrolysis of newsprint.

Alkali Pretreatment and Acid Hydrolysis of Coconut Pulp and Empty Fruit Bunch to Produce Glucose

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noorhalieza Ali ◽  
Che Afifi Che Aziz ◽  
Onn Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Alkali Pretreatment ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Value Added Products

Lignocellulose waste has great potential to be converted into value added products sustainably as it is readily available at low cost. The aim of this study is to examine the amount of glucose produced from coconut pulp and coconut empty fruit bunch using acid hydrolysis. Sodium hydroxide pretreatment is carried out at 70oC using different concentrations of sodium hydroxide which are 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% v/v for a duration time of 2 hours. Optimum pretreatment is evaluated using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) analysis. It is observed that optimum pretreatment is at 20% v/v sodium hydroxide. The optimum samples are then hydrolysed using concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% v/v of sulphuric acid at different temperatures of 30, 50, 70 and 90oC for 2 hours. Glucose concentration is analysed using an ultraviolet (UV) Spectrophotometer. The highest glucose concentrations obtained are 0.895 g/L and 0.550g/L for coconut pulp and coconut empty fruit bunch, respectively at 20% v/v acid concentration and a temperature of 90oC. 

scholarly journals Pre-treatment dan Fermentasi Hidrolisat Kulit Buah Kakao menjadi Asam Laktat menggunakan Lactobacillus Plantarum

REAKTOR ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Dodi Irwanto ◽  
Wiratni Wiratni ◽  
Rochmadi Rochmadi ◽  
Siti Syamsiah
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cocoa Pod Husk ◽  
Cocoa Shell ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Abstract COCOA POD HUSK PRE-TREATMENT AND HYDROLYZATE FERMENTATION INTO LACTIC ACID USING LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM. Lactic acid is a raw material that is widely used in food industry as preservatives in meat, vegetables or canned fish. In the pharmaceutical industry is used as raw material for the manufacture of drugs. Lactic acid can be made from natural materials such as lignocellulosic waste one of them is cocoa shell waste. Indonesia is number three cocoa-producing country in the world. 70% cacao fruit components such as pod husk are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, so it has the potential to be converted into lactic acid. In this study been the conventional method to determine the overall process in order to know what parts need to be further developed to become a method more effective and efficient. The conventional method is done through several processes, namely the delignification, hydrolysis and fermentation using microorganisms. This study aims to determine the extent of the potential for cocoa pod husk waste to be converted into lactic acid. The results showed that the pod husks delignification with sodium hydroxide solution reaches optimum at a concentration of 6% which results in lower levels of lignin from 30.46 to 24.64%. The process of acid hydrolysis of the pod husks achieve optimum conditions at a concentration of 2.0%, a temperature of 120°C and a 30 minute production of glucose at 32g/L. Glucose is the result of acid hydrolysis produces lactic acid by 13.268g/L. Keywords: lactic acid; delignification; fermentation; hydrolysis; cocoa pod husks   Abstrak Asam laktat adalah salah satu bahan baku yang banyak dimanfaatkan pada industri makanan sebagai bahan pengawet daging, sayuran atau ikan kalengan. Dalam industri farmasi digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembutan obat-obatan. Asam laktat dapat dibuat dari bahan alam berupa limbah lignoselulosa yang salah satunya adalah limbah kulit kakao. Indonesia merupakan negara penghasil kakao nomor tiga di dunia. Komponen buah kakao 70% berupa kulit buah yang terdiri dari selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin, sehingga berpotensi untuk dikonversi menjadi asam laktat. Pada penelitian ini dipilih metode konvensional untuk mengetahui proses secara keseluruhan sehingga diketahui bagian mana yang perlu dikembangkan lebih lanjut untuk menjadi metode yang lebih efektif dan efisien. Metode konvensional dilakukan melalui beberapa proses, yakni delignifikasi, hidrolisis, dan fermentasi menggunakan mikroorganisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana potensi limbah kulit buah kakao untuk dikonversi menjadi asam laktat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa delignifikasi kulit buah kakao dengan larutan sodium hidroksida mencapai kondisi optimum pada konsentrasi 6% yang menyebabkan penurunan kadar lignin dari 30,46% menjadi 24,64%. Proses hidrolisis asam terhadap kulit buah kakao terdelignifikasi mencapai kondisi optimum pada konsentrasi 2,0%, suhu 120°C dan waktu 30 menit yang menghasilkan glukosa sebesar 32g/L. Glukosa hasil hidrolisis asam menghasilkan asam laktat sebesar 13,268g/L. Kata kunci: asam laktat; delignifikasi; fermentasi; hidrolisis; kulit buah kakao 

Thermal Properties of Banana Starch Nanocrystals Prepared by Acid Hydrolysis as Reinforcing Filler

2015 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
pp. 516-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jittiporn Saeng-On ◽  
Duangdao Aht-Ong
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Banana Plant ◽  
Green Banana ◽  
Reinforcing Filler

Banana is one of the most important tropical fruits in Thailand. It is available throughout the year, i.e., no specific growing season, resulting to the low cost. All parts of banana plant can be used, particularly its fruit has several adaptable in term of how to eat it. However, banana is ripe and perishable easily. Therefore, it is a potential resource that can be utilized and developed in order to add more value to this raw material. In this work, green banana fruits were used as a raw material for preparing a starch nanocrystal reinforcing filler in bio-nanocomposites. The green banana was extracted into banana starch by using 0.05 N sodium hydroxide solution. The composition of the obtained banana starch contained 90.61% of starch, 18.82% of amylose, 0.19% of protein, 0.11% of ash, and 0.03% of lipid. The banana starch composition exhibited low content of protein, ash, and lipid (<0.5%) indicating that the obtained banana starch was pure enough to be used. After that, starch nanocrystal (SNC) was prepared from banana starch by acid hydrolysis with 3.5 M sulfuric acid and 3.0 M hydrochloric acid at 40°C for 7 and 5 hours, repectively. The obtained banana SNC showed an increase in the degree of crystallinity from 28.03% for native banana starch to 47.13% and 40.15% for banana SNC prepared from sulfuric and hydrochloric acid hydrolysis, respectively. Furthermore, the thermal properties of banana SNC were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) in order to assess thermal stability of banana SNC for using as reinforcing filler in bio-nanocomposite. The decomposition temperature of native banana starch and SNC was in the range of 260-315°C. The gelatinization temperature of banana SNC increased as a result of the increment of its degree of crystallinity when comparing with native starch.

scholarly journals Acid-assisted extraction and hydrolysis of inulin from chicory roots to obtain fructose-enriched extracts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Stökle ◽  
Dennis Jung ◽  
Andrea Kruse
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Inulin Hydrolysis ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
One Step ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Chicory Roots

Abstract Chicory (Cichorium intybus var. foliosum) roots are an agricultural residue and a low cost feedstock for the production of the platform chemical 5-Hxdroxymethylfurfural (HMF). In a first step, inulin and fructose have to be extracted from the roots. The resulting aqueous extract represents the starting material for the HMF production. In the reaction to HMF, inulin has to be hydrolyzed first to fructose. For this reason, two methods to increase the fructose content in these extracts before the reaction were investigated. This was conducted within the framework of integrating acid hydrolysis into a biorefinery process for HMF production. The first method (one-step process) was acid-assisted extraction to directly hydrolyze inulin in the course of the extraction process. Chicory roots were extracted at 60 and 80 °C at pH 2 and 4 using buffer solutions. The second approach (two-step process) was aqueous extraction at neutral pH followed by nitric acid hydrolysis of the extract at 60 and 80 °C under reduced pH. It was found that in the first approach, the pH of 2 led to a fivefold increase in the fructose content of the extract, resulting from inulin hydrolysis and corresponding to 56% of theoretical fructose yield. For the second approach, it was possible to achieve complete hydrolysis at pH below 2.5 and at 80 °C. Separating extraction and hydrolysis was found to be more suitable in terms of including this process step into a biorefinery concept for HMF production. It was possible to reduce the initial inulin content by 95%.

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