Shadism from the Perspective of Intersectionality in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye

This paper aims to discuss shadism from a perspective of intersectionality and how people with a darker skin tone suffered particular forms of discrimination due to the issues of shadism and its interaction with the class, gender, age, ability, and race. Shadism has infused the black society for many centuries, hence outlined during slavery. Shadism is the discrimination against a person with a darker skin tone, typically among individuals of the same racial group. In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison describes how African American women and girls like Pecola are considered ugly by her family and the community due to her darker skin tone. in this research paper we are going to explore shadism and examine intersectionality theory like race, gender, sexuality and class, and their influence on dark-skinned black women, through the main character Pecola Breedlove. Using intersectionality theory to understand shadism helps to know that there are different ways a person could face oppression and domination. This paper gives a new vision of shadism which have been studied as amatter of racism, but throughout the intersectionality of the the identity component. The analysis shows that shadism is influenced by race and other aspects of intersectionality such as gender, race, age and ability, and other aspects of identity.

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“Keeping it Fresh”: How Young Black Women Negotiate Self–Representation and Controlling Images in Urban Space

City and Community ◽

10.1111/cico.12274 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 134-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alexis S. McCurn

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

African American Women ◽

Public Space ◽

Impression Management ◽

Urban Space ◽

Daily Life ◽

Field Research ◽

Emotional Impact ◽

Women And Girls ◽

Young Black Women

Few scholars have explored the collective experiences of young African American women and their creative strategies for negotiating daily life in distressed neighborhoods. This study draws on nearly two years of field research in East Oakland, California, to provide an ethnographic account of how young Black women negotiate daily life amid poverty and social isolation while managing the emotional impact of stigma associated with poverty. The accounts from young women in this study reveal the situated strategy of “keeping it fresh,” a form of impression management that contradicts prevailing notions of what poor Black women and girls ought to look like and, in turn, how they should be treated in public space. Women and girls who keep it fresh invest in constructing and maintaining a neat and stylish appearance enhanced by expensive clothes, shoes, and accessories acquired through informal networks. This form of self–presentation aims to discredit the evaluation of those who keep it fresh as poor and unworthy of respect, if only for a moment.

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Summit on Obesity in African American Women and Girls: Final report and action agenda

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e524342015-001 ◽

2014 ◽

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

African American Women ◽

Final Report ◽

American Women ◽

Women And Girls

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Obesity in African American Women and Girls: Summary of the Historic 2012 Summit Co-sponsored by APA and ABPsi

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e543142013-005 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Stephanie L. Fitzpatrick ◽

Idia B. Thurston

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

African American Women ◽

American Women ◽

Women And Girls

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The community of Black women physicians, 1864–1941: Trends in background, education, and training

History of Science ◽

10.1177/0073275320987417 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 007327532098741

Author(s):

Margaret Vigil-Fowler ◽

Sukumar Desai

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

African American Women ◽

Large Scale ◽

School Attendance ◽

White Men ◽

Second World War ◽

Women In Science ◽

Women Physicians ◽

Internship Experience ◽

Second World

We identified nearly 180 Black women who earned medical degrees prior to the start of the Second World War and found information regarding their family and social connections, premedical and medical educations, and internship experience or lack thereof for many of these women. Through their collective history, we observed large-scale trends, especially regarding the importance of “separatist” medical education and declining medical school attendance among African American women in the 1910s as medicine became an increasingly exclusionary profession. While our research uncovered trends specific to Black women physicians, the implications of our research can be applied far more widely to other historically marginalized scientific practitioners. This research reminds us of the longstanding and shifting presence of Black women in science and medicine, despite the enduring popular belief that white men represent who participates in science, both historically and today.

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Sassy Sasha?: The intersectionality of (im)politeness and sociolinguistics

Journal of Politeness Research ◽

10.1515/pr-2019-0005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Denise Troutman

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Black Women ◽

African American Women ◽

Cultural Variation ◽

Speech Community ◽

Social Construct ◽

Women's Voices ◽

Black Females ◽

Online Assessments ◽

General Linguistic

Abstract This article focuses on intersections of race, gender, class, and (im)politeness within the African American speech community (AASC). Although general linguistic theorizing aims at universalizing (im)politeness, ultimately identifying common components within human (im)politeness systems worldwide, African American perspectives have not been interjected within that broader theorizing. Thus, I examine (im)politeness from the perspective of African Americans with a focus on females’ linguistic and nonlinguistic behaviors. A plethora of work examines, challenges, and refutes stereotypical gender. I explore facets of the stereotypical, particularly as applied to Black females with the aim of broadening understandings of (im)politeness based on cultural variation. Specifically, I examine sassy as a social construct when applied to Black women in U.S. contexts, especially two Black women’s online assessments of sassy performativity by Sasha Obama, as a vehicle for allowing Black women’s voices and experiences to enter into theory-making. The analysis is interpretative and idiographic. The two African American women bloggers’ words and meanings suggest that (im)politeness within the AASC resides in sociolinguistics, not pragmatics. As a result of the analysis, I suggest that (im)politeness theorizing could pay attention to the social embodiedness of human polite and impolite behaviors. This, in part, constitutes the sociolinguistics of (im)politeness.

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Determinants of Racial Disparities in Female Incarceration Rates, 2000–2018

The Review of Black Political Economy ◽

10.1177/00346446211051078 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 003464462110510

Author(s):

Samuel L. Myers ◽

William J. Sabol ◽

Man Xu

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Racial Disparities ◽

African American Women ◽

White Women ◽

National Research Council ◽

The United States ◽

White Female ◽

Opioid Use ◽

Incarceration Rate ◽

Women In Prison

In The Growth of Incarceration in the United States, the National Research Council documents the large and persistent racial disparities in imprisonment that accompanied the more than quadrupling of the U.S. incarceration rate since the 1980s. Largely unnoticed by policy makers and opinion leaders in recent years is an unprecedented decrease in the number of African American women incarcerated at the same time that the number of white women in prison has grown to new heights. The result of these recent changes is a near convergence in black-white female incarceration rates from 2000 to 2016. In some states, the changes occurred abruptly and almost instantaneously. In other states, the convergence has been gradual. We find that changes in the population composition—the fraction of the population that is black—was the major contributor to the decline in the disparity among women. We also find that race-specific differences in drug overdose deaths stemming from the recent increases in opioid use lowered the disparity by increasing the white female imprisonment rate and lowering it for black women.

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African American Women and Domestic Violence: Addressing their Voice of Silence

10.35455/brk12345678 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Bernice Kennedy ◽

Chalice Rhodes (Former Jenkins)

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Domestic Violence ◽

African American ◽

Black Women ◽

African American Women ◽

White Women ◽

The United States ◽

Slave Owner ◽

American Women ◽

Strong Black Women

Abstract Historically, during slavery, the international slave trade promoted normalization of violence against African American women. During slavery, African American women endured inhuman conditions because of the majority race views of them as being over-sexualized, physically strong, and immoral. This perception of the African American women as being highly sexual and more sexual than white women results in slave owner justifying their sexual violation and degrading of the African American women. The stereotypical representations of African American women as strong, controlling, dangerous, fearless, and invulnerable may interfere with the African American women receiving the needed services for domestic violence in the community. The Strong Black Women Archetype has been dated back to slavery describing their coping mechanism in dealing with oppression by developing a strong, less traditionally female role. The authors developed a model: The Multidimensional Perspectives of Factors Contributing to Domestic Violence of African American Women in the United States. This model depicts historically, the factors contributing to domestic violence of African American women in the United States. Also, this model addressed the African American women subscribing to the Strong Black Women Archetype to cope with domestic violence. Despite the increase in domestic violence in African American women, they focused more on the issue of racism instead of sexism in America. African American women have experienced the two obstacles of racism and sexism in America. However, African American women and men believe racism is more critical than sexism. Therefore, domestic violence in the African American population may remain silent because of cultural loyalty. However, the voice of silence of African American females is gradually changing with the upcoming generations.

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Traveler’s Cafe: Exploring How One’s Level of Emotional Maturity Has an Impact in Their Decision to Marry

K ta Kita ◽

10.9744/katakita.6.3.254-259 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 254-259

Author(s):

Candy Truisnaningsih

Keyword(s):

Main Character ◽

Emotional Maturity ◽

Her Family ◽

True Love ◽

Ways Of Thinking ◽

Chick Lit

Chick Lit usually focus on how the main character finally finds her true love after several times meeting the wrong guy. However, through the issues of marriage that I make, I am stressing more on their psychological emotional maturity before they decide to get married. The story talks about a woman who has a boyfriend but not ready to marry him. She captured in her own insecurities about being a wife. Her situation gets worse when she rejected the proposal and her family found out. The story will revolve around the emotional journey of the problem and slowly reveals the changing behavior and her ways of thinking. Hopefully this work will remind people to look the idea of how important it is to see that marriage is not about age. To understand how psychological emotional maturity works, six levels of maturity are used as the main theory in this work.

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Hegemonic Domination of White over Black in “The Bluest Eye” by Toni Morrison

sjesr ◽

10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss4-2020(29-34) ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 29-34

Author(s):

Irfan Mehmood ◽

Dr. Komal Ansari ◽

Dr. M. K. Sangi

Keyword(s):

Black Community ◽

Toni Morrison ◽

White Men ◽

The Other ◽

White People ◽

Power Politics ◽

Her Family ◽

Safe Delivery ◽

Bluest Eye ◽

Self Reliance

Every human being is beautiful with his own colour and appearance. No colour makes one beautiful but the white people of America have propagated the idea of white beauty as a tool of their politics to show themselves superior to the blacks. They focused on the colour because to be white for a black is unattainable as it is biological. They also tried to create self-hatred among the blacks by spreading the white ideology. They hegemonized the blacks to accept the concept of white beauty by using advertisements, media, actors and education. They also forced the blacks to be considered as ugly creating the least opportunities in the work places for the black community of America; alienating them from the society and torturing them both mentally and physically. As in The Bluest Eye, Pecola and her family are the worst victims of white men’s politics. Pecola together with her family members is both mentally and physically tortured and tormented to accept the white ideology. However, Pecola and her mother have accepted the white ideology and Pecola has mostly desired to get the bluest eye. On the other hand, Claudia resisted against the white men and their ideology. At the end, Pecola has accepted the baby of Cholly Breedlove as a token of love and self-reliance and both Claudia and Frieda wish to have the safe delivery of it. Therefore, in this article I would like to show that how the white men employed their evil intention of using the colour for dominating the blacks in America as a part of power politics, and also show black people’s reaction toward the white ideology with reference to The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison.

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