scholarly journals EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF THE TRANSPORT OPERATIONS OF SHIPMENT DELIVERY, INCLUDING THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT IMPACT

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (164) ◽  
pp. 252-257
Author(s):  
A. Galkin ◽  
I. Tkachenko ◽  
O. Hriekova
Keyword(s):  
Transport Process ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Environment Impact ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

The article considered the issue of the effectiveness of the organization of the transport process for the delivery of packaged unit cargo, considering the impact on the external environment. It has been established that transport is one of the most important elements of the urban economy. But on the other hand, and one of the main environmental pollutants. The deterioration of transport problems in cities is associated, first of all, with an increase in the level of motorization and a significant increase in on-line commerce and delivery of goods under quarantine conditions. In such conditions, there is a high concentration of pollutants (NOx, CO, CH, etc.), a decrease in the speed of movement of vehicles, an increase in travel time along the main highways of the city. Many countries have begun to take this important factor into account when making decisions. Today, there are tariffs that are imposed on vehicle owners. The value in monetary terms depends on the type of fuel used, the carrying capacity of vehicles, etc. These tariffs are approved in European countries. Also, the impact of transport on the external environment can be calculated as costs in monetary terms. The modern paradigm of sustainable development of transport systems indicates not only the feasibility of minimizing the costs of organizing the transport process, but also the need to reduce the impact of transport on the environment. The total costs (direct and indirect costs) for transportation are insufficiently estimated in the modern conditions of the organization of the transport process. This fact should be taken into account by the participants in the supply chains. It should be noted that when calculating the cost of transportation of unitized cargo, only the cost parameter is considered. We cannot ignore the fact that transport affects the environment, infrastructure, etc. Therefore, when calculating the total cost of transportation of goods, it is necessary to add “external” costs to the logistics costs. The so-called environmental costs, which contain indicators such as the amount of emissions of harmful substances, an assessment of the impact on infrastructure, and others.

Infrastructure, Accessibility and Growth in Tuscany: A Macroeconomic Impact Evaluation

2010 ◽  
pp. 75-100
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Francesco Gori ◽  
Patrizia Lattarulo ◽  
Renato Panicciŕ
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Agglomeration Economies ◽  
Regional Mobility ◽  
Macroeconomic Impact ◽  
Productivity Differentials ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

The purpose of the paper is to assess the impact of the Regional Mobility and Logistic Plan (RMLP) of Tuscany on regional growth and spatial disparities between the Tuscan provinces. In order to evaluate its economic impact, we first quantify the impact in terms of changes in travel time and variations in the cost of transportation per unit of delivered output. We then make use of the Remi-Irpet model. The latter explains the agglomeration economies and productivity differentials. We find that, despite the fact that the RMLP does not solve the structural problem of mobility within Tuscany, it does make it possible to get rid of some potential constraints for long-term regional growth, even if the economic impact across the provinces is disequalizing.

scholarly journals INFORMATION SUPPORT OF MODELING OF GRAVITY FUNCTION OF EMPLOYEES OF CITY SERVICE ENTERPRISES

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (163) ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
I. Chumachenko ◽  
N. Davidich ◽  
A. Galkin ◽  
Yu. Davidich ◽  
Y. Kush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Transport ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Average Salary ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Urban Service ◽  
Passenger Flows ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The article is devoted to the establishment of information support to determine the patterns of changing the function of gravitation of employees of the urban-service enterprises. It has been established that the development of urban transport systems is impossible without the use of information technology to predict the parameters of the formation and absorption of passenger traffic. The design of urban transport systems cannot be achieved without assessing the impact of traffic improvement measures on changes in traffic and passenger flows. The main parameter by which it is possible to predict the choice of places of gravity by the inhabitants of cities is the function of gravitation between different areas of the city. The formalized functions of the gravitation of urban dwellers are not differentiated by the social composition of the population of cities. In addition, they use only travel time between areas of the city as an independent variable. The article proposes the formalization of the gravitation function of employees of the urban service enterprises using the parameters of the urban transport system, areas of departure and arrival, as well as the cost of movement. A special questionnaire has been developed to obtain the original information. A natural survey was carried out using it. As a result of the processing of survey data using correlation and regression analysis methods, the degree of influence of the studied factors on the value of the gravitation function of employees of urban service enterprises was revealed. Analysis of the correlation values obtained showed that the most significant impact on the value of the gravitation function of employees of urban services is the ratio of the cost of movement between districts and average wages in the city. The least impact is the distance from the area of residence to the place of application of work, the ratio of the cost of one square meter of housing in the area of residence and the average salary in the city, the ratio of the cost of one square meter of housing in the area of employment application and the average salary in the city. However, the compatible influence of all factors can change the level of influence of each factor and its combinations. In addition, it is advisable to take into account the technical and operational performance of urban passenger transport routes and individual transport routes.

scholarly journals The Reflection of the application TD-ABC approach on profits persistence Applied study in the General State of Hydraulic Industries Factory of Plastic*

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (116) ◽  
pp. 226-261
Author(s):  
Sabiha Barzan Alubaidy
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Method ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
Use Of Time ◽  
Applied Study ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The interest of many companies has become dealing with the tools and methods that reduce the costs as one of the most important factors of successful companies, and became the subject of the attention of many economic units because of the impact on the profits of company, and since the nineties of the last century the researchers and writers gave great attention to this subject, especially in light of the large competition and rapid developments in cost management techniques, as well as the wide and significant change in production methods that have been directed towards achieving customer satisfaction, all this and more driven by economic units in all sectors whether it is service or productivity to find methods that would reduce the costs and thereby increase the profits. As well as achieving a market share compared to economic units operating in the same sector. This study seeks to apply the method of reducing the manufacturing factory overhead costs through the use of time-driven activity-based costing. The aim of the research is to use this technique and to determine the effect of this method in measuring the profit persistence of the company. The traditional method used in the company the research sample to determine the indirect costs and the extent of its impact on the measurement of the profit persistence, the definition of the concepts and characteristics of the method of cost-based activity and the cost method based on time-driven activity and justifications applied to companies, so, the research problem was that the traditional method used by the company the research sample in determining manufacturing factory overhead costs is not fair and objective as it builds the actual basis for determining manufacturing factory overhead costs at the level of the factory as a whole. Consequently, it does not represent cost-effective information that reflects the cost-effectiveness of the plant in the sample of the research and in a manner that affects the profitability of the company the research sample and thus in measuring the profit persistence.

scholarly journals Equity in public transport — a case of Bangalore’s city bus transport

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Baindur ◽  
Pooja Rao
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
City Bus ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

In most urban areas, buses are the most heavily used form of public transportation[1] and more so in Indian cities where buses make up for over 90% of public transport ridership[2]. In the selected Indian metro cities, where formal bus based PT systems are operated by public agencies, they are over-reliant on state support to sustain operations as fare box collections are inadequate in spite of having relatively high ridership. The main challenge for all this is to achieve long term financial sustainability of public transport systems while providing good quality and affordable bus services.This paper investigates internal and external factors that led to the steep and recurrent fare increases in the Bangalore city bus services in the period from 2012–2014 which are operated by Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation. In order to estimate the impact of the recent bus fare increases that have had on the economically weaker sections of the society dependent on these services, the paper presents the results of a random sampling survey study carried out in a central locality in the city that has a large slum area.The key findings throw light on the various ways in which the low income bus users have adapted to reduce their travel costs through changes in travel behavior, travel pattern and modal shifts. The cost of the behavioral changes through lost opportunities and the cost of the modal shifts of the persons earlier favoring public transportation draw attention to the significance of public transport fare policies. Furthermore, the management and operations of the BMTC agency show scope for improvement which can translate into better revenue generation and consequent reduction in fares.

Cost of depression: effect of adherence and treatment response

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. von Knorring ◽  
A.-C. Åkerblad ◽  
F. Bengtsson ◽  
Å. Carlsson ◽  
L. Ekselius
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Treatment Response ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cost Of Drugs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectives:The purpose of the present study has been to assess the societal cost of major depression and the distribution into different cost components. The impact of adherence and treatment response was also explored.Method:Data were collected from a randomized controlled trial of patients with major depressive disorder who were treated in a naturalistic primary care setting. Resource use and quality of life were followed during the two-year trial.Results:The mean total cost per patient during two years was KSEK 363 (EUR 38 953). Indirect costs were the most important component (87%), whereas the cost of drugs was minor (4.5%). No significant differences in costs or quality of life between treatment arms or between adherent and non-adherent patients were demonstrated. However, treatment responders had 39% lower total costs per patient and experienced a larger increase in quality of life compared to non-responders.Conclusions:Major depression has high costs for society, primarily due to indirect costs. Treatment responders have considerably lower costs per patient and higher quality of life than non-responders. This indicates that measures to increase response rates are also important from an economic perspective.

scholarly journals The burden of osteoporosis in Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 434-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Coelho Galvão Marinho ◽  
Luiza Paulino Guerra ◽  
Juliana Beaudette Drummond ◽  
Barbara C. Silva ◽  
Maria Marta Sarquis Soares
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Fragility Fractures ◽  
Treatment Of Osteoporosis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Osteoporotic fractures impose severe physical, psychosocial, and financial burden both to the patient and the society. Studies on the prevalence of osteoporosis and fragility fractures in Brazil show a wide variation, due to differences in sample size, the population studied, and methodologies. Few studies have been conducted in Brazil about the cost-effectiveness analyses of different intervention options aimed at the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Investigation and treatment strategies based on cost-effectiveness and scientific evidence are essential in the preparation of public health policies with the ultimate goal of reducing the incidence of fractures and, consequently, the direct and indirect costs associated with them. This article reviews the Brazilian burden of osteoporosis in terms of the prevalence and fractures attributable to the disease, the costs related to the investigation and management, as well as the impact of osteoporosis on the population as a whole and on affected individuals.

Assessment of Organ Acquisition Costs for an Australian Public Health System

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Gregory T Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health System ◽  
Acquisition Cost ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Acquisition Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Organ Acquisition

Available data on the cost of organ acquisition in Australia's socialized public health systems are minimal. The purpose of this study was to determine the cost for organ acquisition by a state transplant service, and to provide (1) an assessment of acquisition costs within one Australian public health system, (2) a baseline for future cost assessments, and (3) an indication of cost-effectiveness in international terms. Between July and December 1993, 51 kidneys, 21 livers, and 15 hearts were provided for transplantation in the system. Data collected during this period were used to calculate the acquisition cost for each transplanted organ. Direct and indirect costs were included in the calculations. The distribution of costs incurred for organ acquisition were direct, 67%; indirect, 14%; and organ-specific, 19%. Of the total direct costs, aircraft charter accounted for 75%, or 50% of the total acquisition costs. The provision of an organ by a donor coordination service accounted for 20% of the total costs, or a mean of A$783 (US$563) per organ. This study provides a baseline for organ acquisition cost in the Australian healthcare system. The geographic and demographic nature of Australia imposes the largest single cost factor (ie, air charter), which highlights the need for alternative retrieval and transport systems of organs wherever possible. The acquisition costs reported in this study indicate that the system is cost-effective in international terms.

Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis in England: costs to patients, their families, and primary and community health services of the NHS

2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 742-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. SANTOS ◽  
J. A. ROBERTS ◽  
A. J. C. COOK ◽  
R. SIMONS ◽  
R. SHEEHAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Community Health Services ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Societal Costs ◽  
Infectious Intestinal Disease ◽  
Laboratory Test Results ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYThis is the first study comparing societal costs of acute illness with Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) and Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in the UK. It included the cost and severity of the illness and explored the impact of each Salmonella serovar on the patients, their families, the NHS, and the wider economy. The study ascertained confirmed cases of ST and SE between July and November 2008. The mean costs per case were £1282 (ST) and £993 (SE). The indirect costs associated with the work-time lost by the case, parents, or carers were £409 (ST) and £228 (SE); this difference was statistically significant. The aggregate cost of ST and SE identified using laboratory test results for the UK as a whole was estimated as £6.5 million. Work-time lost and caring activities are cost categories that are not frequently investigated within the infectious intestinal disease literature, although they represent an important societal cost.

scholarly journals Analysing the logistics impact on the cost composition of a mechanised spraying process of rendering mortar

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-132
Author(s):  
Maria Carolina Gomes de Oliveira Brandstetter ◽  
Helena Carasek ◽  
Rainiere Siqueira
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Projection Methods ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Projection System ◽  
Industrial Management ◽  
Global Cost ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Spraying Process

Abstract The process of mortar mechanical projection has been approved in terms of its performance, but industrial management knowledge should be applied to understand the economic viability of the system. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the productivity and logistics impact of the mechanised spraying process of rendering mortar on its global cost composition. On a worldwide scale, there are no studies that correlate logistics, productivity and costs for mortar rendering systems, indicating the originality of the research. A multiple case study was proposed. A comparison was made between the manual application and mechanical projection methods of internal wall plastering. The data collection included identifying logistic bottlenecks, studying productive times, lead time, productivity, material consumption and losses and cost composition. The results showed that in both systems an impact on logistics occurs around 50% in teams´ productivity indices and global costs. The impact of productivity on indirect costs that reduce execution time and economic feasibility of the projection system is possible due to strategies that translate logistics efficiency.

scholarly journals Cost of hypertension illness and associated factors among patients attending hospitals in Southwest Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Addisu Bogale ◽  
Teferi Daba ◽  
Dawit Wolde Daka
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Total Direct Cost ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Direct And Indirect Costs ◽  
Regional State ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundHypertension is a common vascular disease and the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The impact of hypertension is on the rise in Ethiopia, so that, it is predictable that the cost of healthcare services will further increase in the future. We aimed to estimate the total cost of hypertension illness among patients attending hospitals in Southwest Shewa zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.Patients and methodsInstitution based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 1-30, 2018. All hypertensive patients who were on treatment and whose age was greater than eighteen years old were eligible for this study. The total cost of hypertension illness was estimated by summing up the direct and indirect costs. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with hypertension costs of illness.ResultsOverall, the mean monthly total cost of hypertension illness was US $ 22.3 (95% CI, 21.3-23.3). Direct and indirect costs share 51% and 49% of the total cost, respectively. The mean total direct cost of hypertension illness per patient per month was US $11.39(95% CI, 10.6-12.1). Out of these, drugs accounted of a higher cost (31%) followed by food (25%). The mean total indirect cost per patient per month was US $10.89(95% CI, 10.4-11.4). Educational status, distance from hospital, the presence of companion and the stage of hypertension were predictors of the cost of illness of hypertension.ConclusionThe cost of hypertension illness was very high when compared with the mean monthly income of the patients letting patients to catastrophic costs. Therefore, due attention should be given by the government to protect patients from financial hardships.

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