scholarly journals Citizenship in Europe: The Main Stages of Development of the Idea and Institution

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-31
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Trzciński ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The State ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Multi Phase ◽  
Phase Process

This paper identifi es and synthetically demonstrates the most important steps and changes in the evolution of the idea and institution of citizenship in Europe over more than two thousand years. Citizenship is one of the essential categories defi ning human status. From a historical perspective, the idea of citizenship in Europe is in a state of constant evolution. Therefore, the essence of the institution of citizenship and its acquisition criteria are continually being transformed. Today’s comprehension of citizenship is different from understanding citizenship in Europe in earlier epochs of history. In some of them, the concept of citizenship existed only in the realm of ideas. In others, the idea materialised, and membership in the state (or city) and civic rights and obligations found a formal, legal expression. The formation of the idea and institution of citizenship is a long and multi-phase process.

Party and Democracy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Ignazi
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Organizational Development ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The State ◽  
Societal Change ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Mass Public ◽  
Post War ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes

The book integrates philosophical, historical, and empirical analyses in order to highlight the profound roots of the limited legitimation of parties in contemporary society. Political parties’ long attempts to gain legitimacy are analysed from a philosophical–historical perspective pinpointing crucial passages in their theoretical and empirical acceptance. The book illustrates the process through which parties first emerged and then achieved full legitimacy in the early twentieth century. It shows how, paradoxically, their role became absolute in the totalitarian regimes of the interwar period when the party became hyper-powerful. In the post-war period, parties shifted from a golden age of positive reception and organizational development towards a more difficult relationship with society as it moved into post-industrialism. Parties were unable to master societal change and favoured the state to recover resources they were no longer able to extract from their constituencies. Parties have become richer and more powerful, but they have ‘paid’ for their pervasive presence in society and the state with a declining legitimacy. The party today is caught in a dramatic contradiction. It has become a sort of Leviathan with clay feet: very powerful thanks to the resources it gets from the state and to its control of societal and state spheres due to an extension of clientelistic and patronage practices; but very weak in terms of legitimacy and confidence in the eyes of the mass public. However, it is argued that there is still no alternative to the party, and some hypotheses to enhance party democracy are advanced.

Managing risk, the state and political economy in historical perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 408-425
Author(s):  
Ken McDonagh ◽  
Yee-Kuang Heng
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The State ◽  
Managing Risk

scholarly journals Features of Implementation of the System of Assessing the Security of Critically Important and Potentially Hazardous Objects Based on the Clements-Hofman Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
I M Yannikov ◽  
M V Telegina
Keyword(s):  
Block Diagram ◽  
The State ◽  
Security System ◽  
Functional Diagram ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
System A ◽  
Protection Mechanisms

The paper assesses the existing approaches to the problem of assessing the security of hazardous facilities. It is proposed to carry out an assessment using the system of modeling and calculating the state of protection of hazardous objects developed on the basis of the Clements-Hoffman method, in which a set of threats, protection mechanisms and objects of protection are used to describe the system of protection with full overlap. This system can be used to calculate any type of protection of hazardous objects when entering data on any threats and appropriate means of protection. The paper provides a block diagram of the security system, a functional diagram, the main parameters and stages of development and testing.

scholarly journals MAIN STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFRARED DIAGNOSTICS METHOD FOR CONTROLLING THE STATE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PIPELINES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-96
Author(s):  
Natal'ya Kuz'menko ◽  
Vladimir Kulikov ◽  
Yuriy Yur'ev
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Infrared Diagnostics

The main stages of the development of the method of infrared diagnostics for monitoring the state of technological pipelines are considered.

scholarly journals Territory, enclosure, and state territorial mode of production in the Russian imperial periphery

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Vera Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
The State ◽  
Rural Politics ◽  
Land Consolidation ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Imperial State ◽  
Mode Of Production

Abstract. After the imperial land consolidation acts of 1906, the Russian land commune became a center of territorial struggle where complex alliances of actors, strategies, and representations of territory enacted land enclosure beyond the exclusive control of the state. Using original documentation of Russian imperial land deals obtained in the federal and municipal archives, this study explores how the Russian imperial state and territories in the periphery were dialectically co-produced not only through institutional manipulations, educational programs, and resettlement plans but also through political and public discourses. This paper examines how coalitions of landed nobility and land surveyors, landless serfs, and peasant proprietors used enclosure as conduits for property violence, accumulation of capital, or, in contrast, as a means of territorial autonomy. Through this example, I bring a territorial dimension into Russian agrarian scholarship by positioning the rural politics of the late imperial period within the global context of capitalist land enclosure. At the same time, by focusing on the reading of territory from the Russian historical perspective, I introduce complexity into the modern territory discourse often found in Western political geographic interpretations.

scholarly journals Cultural cooperation between Russia and Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafik. R. Magdeev ◽  
Alina A. Khaliullina
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Joint Development

It is necessary to conduct an analysis of relations between Japan and Russia to determine the main trends and prospects for joint development. The purpose of the article is to study and disclose the stages of development of cultural relations between Russia and Japan and determine its features, highlight the most pressing problems of relations and identify possible ways to build strong interstate relations. The methodological basis of the study is the analytical method, for a comprehensive analysis of the changes that occurred during the development of cultural relations between Japan and Russia. Also a prerequisite is compliance with the principles of historicism and objectivity. In the course of studying used the method of study and systematization of literature. As a result of studying the problem, we can evaluate the historical development of cultural relations between Russia and Japan. Assess the state of relations between Russia and Japan and uncover limitations and growth points to strengthen relations between Japan and Russia. The results of this study can be useful as Japanologists and to specialists dealing with the problems of Asia-Pacific as a whole.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document