Leveraging the Potential of Crowdfunding for Financing Renewable Energy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massita Ayu Cindy Putriastuti ◽  
◽  
Vivi Fitriyanti ◽  
Muhammad Razin Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Short Term ◽  
P2p Lending ◽  
Small Medium Enterprises ◽  
Medium Enterprises

• Renewable energy (RE) projects in Indonesia usually have IRR between 10% and 15% and PP around 6 to 30 years • Attractive return usually could be found in large scale RE projects, although there are numerous other factors involved including technology developments, capacity scale, power purchasing price agreements, project locations, as well as interest rates and applied incentives. • Crowdfunding (CF) has big potential to contribute to the financing of RE projects especially financing small scale RE projects. • P2P lending usually targeted short-term loans with high interest rates. Therefore, it cannot be employed as an alternative financing for RE projects in Indonesia. • Three types of CF that can be employed as an alternative for RE project funding in Indonesia. Namely, securities, reward, and donation-based CF. In addition, hybrid models such as securities-reward and reward-donation could also be explored according to the project profitability. • Several benefits offer by securities crowdfunding (SCF) compared to conventional banking and P2P lending, as follows: (1) issuer do not need to pledge assets as collateral; (2) do not require to pay instalment each month; (3) issuer share risks with investors with no obligation to cover the investor’s loss; (4) applicable for micro, small, medium, enterprises (MSMEs) with no complex requirements; and (5) there is possibility to attract investors with bring specific value. • Several challenges that need to be tackled such as the uncertainty of RE regulations; (1) issuer’s inability in managing the system and business; (2) the absence of third parties in bridging between CF platform and potential issuer from RE project owner; (3) the lack of financial literacy of the potential funders; and (4) lastly the inadequacy of study regarding potential funders in escalating the RE utilisation in Indonesia.

Overburdened Gauls: the case of Florus and Sacrovir’s revolt of 21 CE

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared Kreiner
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
Scale Resistance ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In 21 CE, a series of localized movements broke out in Gallia Comata due to heavy debts among provincials according to Tacitus. Modern scholars have long argued that the indebtedness occurred because of rising interest rates, resulting from dwindling currency in circulation after decades of free-spending following Augustus’ victory at Actium, and that Gallic communities were subjected to an additional tribute to support the wars of Germanicus (14–16 CE), which continued unabated after the wars and pushed Gauls beyond their means. These claims are misguided, however, in that there is no certain evidence of a special tax to support Germanicus’ wars and that the argument for a dwindling circulation of currency in Gaul falters under closer inspection. Rather, the pressing statal and military needs imposed on communities in Gallia Comata after 9 CE on top of routine exactions could significantly increase burden levels levied on provincial populations, thus contributing to rising debts. Through examining how Roman logistics and conscription operated in this period, it is possible to trace how populations were impacted by such demands and which communities were most heavily affected by them, too. Individually, the impact of each factor is unlikely to have been burdensome enough to have caused large-scale resistance, it is only the cumulative effect that these explanations had on top of routine Roman extraction schemes that could create the conditions for this revolt. This paper argues that in extraordinary circumstances, such as the period after the Varian Disaster for Gallia Comata, the costs of supporting military campaigns places real short-term strains on local economies, which creates the conditions for revolt. The benefit of this approach is that it may explain other episodes of anti-fiscal resistance that broke out during or within a decade of wars in neighboring regions.

scholarly journals Large-Scale Promotion of Animal Dung-based Domestic Biogas Digesters through Public Private Partnership: A Successful Case of Nepal

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Govind Raj Pokharel ◽  
Arjun Bahadur Chettri
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Energy And Environment ◽  
Renewable Energy Technologies ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
Multi Stakeholder

Large-scale promotion of small scale decentralized renewable energy technologies to achieve a part of millennium development goal remained a great challenge until recently. However, a properly implementation of a public private partnership applied in biogas sector in Nepal has shown that scaling up of small scale renewable energy technologies is feasible if a multi-stakeholder sector development approach and favorable policy as well as modality is adopted. Nepal’s biogas program has been instrumental in helping to achieve some of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by creating economic and social development opportunities in a sustainable way. Such model could also be widely replicated in any other renewable energy technologies and other continent of the world. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v8i0.4908Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue No. 8, 2011 JanuaryPage: 29-33Uploaded date: 17 June, 2011

scholarly journals Gloxinia—An Open-Source Sensing Platform to Monitor the Dynamic Responses of Plants

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3055
Author(s):  
Olivier Pieters ◽  
Tom De Swaef ◽  
Peter Lootens ◽  
Michiel Stock ◽  
Isabel Roldán-Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Data Logging ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sensing Platforms

The study of the dynamic responses of plants to short-term environmental changes is becoming increasingly important in basic plant science, phenotyping, breeding, crop management, and modelling. These short-term variations are crucial in plant adaptation to new environments and, consequently, in plant fitness and productivity. Scalable, versatile, accurate, and low-cost data-logging solutions are necessary to advance these fields and complement existing sensing platforms such as high-throughput phenotyping. However, current data logging and sensing platforms do not meet the requirements to monitor these responses. Therefore, a new modular data logging platform was designed, named Gloxinia. Different sensor boards are interconnected depending upon the needs, with the potential to scale to hundreds of sensors in a distributed sensor system. To demonstrate the architecture, two sensor boards were designed—one for single-ended measurements and one for lock-in amplifier based measurements, named Sylvatica and Planalta, respectively. To evaluate the performance of the system in small setups, a small-scale trial was conducted in a growth chamber. Expected plant dynamics were successfully captured, indicating proper operation of the system. Though a large scale trial was not performed, we expect the system to scale very well to larger setups. Additionally, the platform is open-source, enabling other users to easily build upon our work and perform application-specific optimisations.

scholarly journals Quantitative Monetary Easing and Risk in Financial Asset Markets

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Kimura ◽  
David H. Small
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Corporate Bonds ◽  
Asset Markets ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Government Bonds ◽  
Risk Premiums ◽  
Portfolio Rebalancing

In this paper, we empirically examine the portfolio-rebalancing effects stemming from the policy of “quantitative monetary easing” recently undertaken by the Bank of Japan when the nominal short-term interest rate was virtually at zero. Portfolio-rebalancing effects resulting from the open market purchase of long-term government bonds under this policy have been statistically significant. Our results also show that the portfolio-rebalancing effects were beneficial in that they reduced risk premiums on assets with counter-cyclical returns, such as government and high-grade corporate bonds. But, they may have generated the adverse effects of increasing risk premiums on assets with pro-cyclical returns, such as equities and low-grade corporate bonds. These results are consistent with a CAPM framework in which business-cycle risk importantly affects risk premiums. Our estimates capture only some of the effects of quantitative easing and thus do not imply that the complete set of effects were adverse on net for Japan’s economy. However, our analysis counsels caution in accepting the view that, ceteris paribus, a massive large-scale purchase of long-term government bonds by a central bank provides unambiguously positive net benefits to financial markets at zero short-term interest rates.

scholarly journals Population signatures of large-scale, long-term disjunction and small-scale, short-term habitat fragmentation in an Afromontane forest bird

Heredity ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
J C Habel ◽  
R K Mulwa ◽  
F Gassert ◽  
D Rödder ◽  
W Ulrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Forest Bird ◽  
Afromontane Forest

From Small Scale, Short Term to Large Scale, Long Term: Integrating ‘Sustainability’ into Engineering Education

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M LEMKOWITZ ◽  
B. H BIBO ◽  
G. H LAMERIS ◽  
J. A. B. A. F. BONNET
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Education ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Short Term

scholarly journals Significance of the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Sector in Pakistan and Assessment of its Employment Potential

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid Amjad Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Medium Enterprise ◽  
Employment Potential ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Definitions and Sources Definitions: In this paper it is proposed to use the definition of selfemployed, small scale (2-9 employees), medium scale (10-99 employees) and large scale (100 employees and above) to discuss the issues relating to the Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) sector in Pakistan. The national pension (regulated through the Employees Old Age Benefit Institution Legislation) and health insurance (The Provincial Social Security Institutions Legislation) is applicable to institutions with 10 or more employees and provides a natural cut off point between the small scale and medium and large scale sectors. The cut off between the medium and large scale at 100 workers is also appropriate.

Radar based rainfall forecast for sewage systems control

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Aspegren ◽  
C. Bailly ◽  
A. Mpé ◽  
N. Bazzurro ◽  
A. Morgavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Industry ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Radar Images ◽  
Rainfall Forecast ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Sewage Systems

There has been an increasing demand for accurate rainfall forecast in urban areas from the water industry. Current forecasting systems provided mainly by meteorological offices are based on large-scale prediction and are not well suited for this application. In order to devise a system especially designed for the dynamic management of a sewerage system the “RADAR” project was launched. The idea of this project was to provide a short-term small-scale prediction of rain based on radar images. The prediction methodology combines two methods. An extrapolation method based on a sophisticated cross correlation of images is optimised by a neural network technique. Three different application sites in Europe have been used to validate the system.

Cattle

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Ian B. Howie
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Beef Producers ◽  
The Many

Matching production to the markets for meat makes the assumption that individual producers can have an influence on market forces. This may well apply nowadays to some of the very large scale poultry production units but, individually, beef producers can have little if any influence on the marketing scene. Although there are farmers who produce several hundred fat cattle a year, the bulk of the beef produced comes from fairly small scale producers. Much of beef production is on a fairly haphazard basis with little or no recording or budgeting.Nevertheless, small scale producers and feeders who move in and out of the market can exploit local or short-term, favourable, market fluctuations and, with skilful buying and selling, make good profits on a quick turnover. Larger scale producers who have pre-planned fully integrated production systems cannot react as quickly to any great extent to short-term marketing opportunities. I regard marketing as only one of the many variable factors to be taken into account when planning a beef enterprise within a whole farming system, in which it is likely to be one of a number of enterprises which have to be kept in balance.

scholarly journals A Heat Pump-Based Multi-source Renewable Energy System for the Building Air Conditioning: The IDEAS Project Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Silvia Cesari ◽  
Alessia Natali ◽  
Barbara Larwa ◽  
Eleonora Baccega ◽  
Elena Mainardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Renewable Energy System

The current paper presents the state-of-the-art of the ongoing IDEAS research project, funded under the Horizon 2020 EU framework programme. The project involves fourteen partners from six European countries and proposes a multi-source cost-effective renewable energy system for the decarbonisation of the building envelope. The system features a radiant floor fed by a heat pump for the building thermal management. The heat pump can exploit sun, air, and/or ground as thermal sources through the use of photovoltaic/thermal solar panels, air heat exchangers, and shallow ground flat-panel heat exchangers. Thermal energy storage is achieved by means of phase change materials spread along several system components, such as: radiant floor to increase its thermal inertia, solar panels for cooling purposes, ground to enhance soil thermal capacity. Within the project framework, a small-scale building, featuring a plethora of sensors for test purposes, and two large-scale buildings are meant to be equipped with the renewable energy system proposed. The small-scale building is currently in operation, and the first results are discussed in the present work. Preliminary data suggest that while multi-source systems coupled with heat pumps are particularly effective, it is complex to obtain suitable thermal energy storages on urban scale.

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