scholarly journals Zbiegający się globalny standard przeciwdziałania nadużyciom prawa podatkowego: Czy GAAR (ATAD) i PPT (MLI) powinny być stosowane w podobny sposób?

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
Błażej Kuźniacki
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Net Worth

Potrzeba znalezienia środków z podatków na finansowanie funkcjonowania państw oraz coraz większa nieufność polityków i opinii publicznej wobec schematów optymalizacji podatkowej przedsiębiorstw wielonarodowych (multinational enterprises, MNE) i najbardziej majętnych osób fizycznych (high-net worth individuals, HNWI) wywołały bezprecedensowy entuzjazm polityczny dotyczący przeciwdziałania międzynarodowemu unikaniu opodatkowania. Ten entuzjazm przerodził się w mandat polityczny udzielony OECD przez G20 w 2012 r. Wśród mnogości propozycji środków prawnych przeciwdziałających unikaniu opodatkowania opracowanych przez OECD w ramach projektu BEPS, za kluczowe należy uznać: test jednego z głównych celów (principal purposes test, PPT) z MLI i ogólną klauzulę przeciwdziałania unikaniu opodatkowania (general anti-avoidance rule, GAAR) z unijnej dyrektywy przeciwdziałającej praktykom unikania opodatkowania (anti-tax avoidance directive, ATAD). Celem niniejszego artykułu jest znalezienie odpowiedzi na główne (tytułowe) pytanie badawcze: Czy GAAR (ATAD) i PPT (MLI) powinny być stosowane w podobny sposób? Hipotezą pozytywnie zweryfikowaną w ramach niniejszego opracowania jest to, że: im bardziej zbiegające się (koherentne) będzie stosowanie GAAR i PPT, tym mniej praktyk unikania opodatkowania i sporów wynikających z tego zjawiska będzie występować między podatnikami i organami podatkowymi. Istnieje jednak poważne zastrzeżenie: GAAR i PPT powinny być stosowane zgodnie z ogólną zasadą przeciwdziałania nadużyciom (general anti-abuse principle, GAAP) wynikającą z orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej (TSUE), a nie zgodnie z PPT zaprojektowanym przez OECD. Tylko takie podejście do stosowania GAAR i PPT może zapewnić właściwą równowagę między interesami fiskalnymi różnych państw a swobodami gospodarczymi podatników. Konstatacja ta wynika z analizy treści i struktury GAAR i PPT, celów polityki podatkowej wyrażonych w preambułach do MLI i ATAD, orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej (TSUE), Komentarza OECD do Modelu Konwencji OECD oraz literatury.

Review of Global Tax Fairness, Thomas Pogge and Krishen Mehta, Editors

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 673-684
Author(s):  
Matthew Weinzierl
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Thomas Pogge ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Information Gaps ◽  
Tax Fairness

This timely volume (Global Tax Fairness, edited by Thomas Pogge and Krishen Mehta) on the proper taxation of multinational enterprises argues that several feasible, near-term reforms could substantially narrow the scope for tax avoidance by closing information gaps, and it proposes more ambitious, long-term reforms that pursue coordination on the design, not just the enforcement, of tax policy. The editors construct an impassioned normative case that (legal) avoidance violates fairness because its negative effects fall especially hard on the world's poor, but their case could be bolstered by an appeal to the classical benefit-based logic behind the central aim of the reforms they recommend. (JEL D63, F23, H25, H87, K34).

How can governments tax multinational enterprises more fairly? A discourse analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orlando Fernandes ◽  
Kevin Morrell ◽  
Loizos Heracleous
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Public Hearings ◽  
The Face ◽  
Shareholder Interest ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Policy Solutions

Extant research has identified numerous causes for multinational enterprises (MNE) tax avoidance and formulated a variety of remedial policy solutions. Yet despite being consistently decried as societally unfair, these contested practices persist. We reveal the conflicting and complementary ideologies and worldviews that reside in the background of MNE tax avoidance policy deliberations. Analysis of primary interviews with accounting and tax regulatory agencies, Members of the UK Parliament, and public hearings with MNE representatives, shows these different groups draw on four different discourses: globalism, idealism, pragmatism and shareholder interest. These exist in what we show to be a kind of precarious truce that allows these contested practices to continue in the face of robust critique. Prospects for taxing MNEs are enhanced if legislators, civil servants and regulators can draw more coherently on the discourse of idealism because this is most resistant to the logic of the market.

Tax Abuse and Implications for Human Rights in Africa

2019 ◽  
pp. 189-208
Author(s):  
Annet Wanyana Oguttu ◽  
Monica Iyer
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
International Taxation ◽  
Fair Share ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Development Goals

This chapter analyzes whether the international tax reform measures instituted under the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Project are effective in ensuring African countries get a fair share of taxes from multinational enterprises (MNEs) transacting within their borders, so that they can finance their development goals and promote the human rights of their citizens. The OECD chose to focus on curtailing sophisticated tax-avoidance schemes by strengthening existing anti-avoidance provisions. MNEs have abused these existing laws, however, making them largely ineffective. Given that MNEs are always a step ahead in devising new tax-avoidance strategies, one wonders whether emphasis on strengthening anti-avoidance laws will achieve much. The OECD seems to have missed an opportunity to evaluate the whole tax system and deal with the very root of the problems inherent in international taxation.

scholarly journals Multinational tax avoidance: An application of controlled foreign companies and royalty payments in South African legislation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
Nicholas Brown ◽  
◽  
Shaun Parsons ◽  
Riley Carpenter ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
South African ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
The South ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Tax Legislation

This paper seeks to determine whether South African tax legislation would limit the effectiveness of tax avoidance schemes used by multinational enterprises to avoid their tax liabilities. The paper reviews two commonly used multinational tax avoidance schemes, namely, disregarding controlled foreign companies (‘check box’ regulations) and royalty payments. Using a doctrinal research methodology, the paper considers the application of these schemes within the context of South African legislation. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of the schemes is somewhat curtailed. However, the South African tax base remains at risk, and efforts to combat base erosion are still necessary.

MULTINATIONAL TAX AVOIDANCE AND ANTI-AVOIDANCE ENFORCEMENT: FIRM-LEVEL EVIDENCE FROM DEVELOPING ASEAN COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
ATHIPHAT MUTHITACHAROEN ◽  
KRISLERT SAMPHANTHARAK
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Firm Level Data ◽  
Avoidance Measures ◽  
Asean Countries

We use firm-level data from ASEAN5 to examine the significance of tax-motivated profit shifting by multinational enterprises and to analyze how anti-avoidance measures mitigate the profit shifting. We show that (1) tax-motivated profit shifting is statistically and economically significant, especially for manufacturing firms, (2) auditing and transfer-pricing scrutiny is more effective in reducing profit shifting than documentation requirement alone and (3) tax-motivated profit shifting is prominent for large firms, while anti-tax avoidance measures result in the absence of profit shifting detected from small manufacturing firms. The findings have important implications for developing countries with weak governance but dependent on MNEs.

scholarly journals Sustainable Tax Behavior of MNEs: Effect of International Tax Law Reform

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7738
Author(s):  
Hyejin Cho
Keyword(s):  
Private Information ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Intangible Asset ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
International Tax

As tax is related to the sustainable growth of societies around the world, international tax avoidance by multinational enterprises (MNEs) has gained public attention. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) introduced the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action Plan to promote sustainable tax behavior of MNEs. To guide policymakers and regulators in curving MNEs’ tax schemes utilizing market imperfection, this paper empirically assesses whether the international law reform regarding information disclosures on global operation achieves the intended result of lowering MNEs’ tax avoidance. In addition, the conditional effect of family ownership and intangible asset intensity is addressed to find the factors that strengthen the tax avoidance level of MNEs. This study employs propensity score matching and difference-in-differences method to analyze the changes in international tax liabilities of Korean MNEs in response to BEPS Action Plan 13. The empirical results show that the sustainable tax behavior of MNEs increased when international tax law demanded that they reveal critical information on global allocation of income, economic activity, and taxes paid among countries. Furthermore, the results show that there was a higher increase in the international tax liabilities of MNEs with higher intangible asset intensity. The results suggest to policymakers that the private information disclosure of MNEs’ global operation and sharing such information is essential in tackling MNEs’ BEPS activities, and intangible assets are indeed an important source of tax avoidance.

scholarly journals Tax Avoidance through Controlled Foreign Companies under European Union Law with Specific Reference to Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Błażej Kuźniacki
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Member States ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Foreign Companies

Abstract This article demonstrates that tax avoidance via controlled foreign companies (CFCs) established in the most favourable tax environments among EU Member States such as Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Cyprus, remains a considerable problem. Not only does it affect taxpaying residents in the Member States but, indirectly, all taxpayers regardless of their EU affiliation, US multinational enterprises (MNEs), for example. Focusing on the use Polish taxpayers make of CFCs, this study undertakes a detailed legal analysis of the problem of tax avoidance under EU law by examining empirical data and EU law on tax avoidance. The choice of this topic is largely justified by the exponential rise in tax avoidance schemes through CFCs involving Polish taxpayers since the country’s accession to the EU. The legal analysis brings to light a series of weaknesses in the current EU law that make it possible for both EU and non-EU taxpayers to avoid taxation. As a solution to this problem, the author suggests that CFC rules should be designed so as to tax only “tax avoidance income” from CFCs. This would ensure their compliance with EU law as well as an effective prevention of tax avoidance via CFCs within the framework of EU law. Interestingly, the solution follows from the author’s interpretation of the concept of “wholly artificial arrangements” in favour of the internal market rather than from Action 3 of Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project or Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive as adopted by the Council on 12 July 2016.

scholarly journals Tariff elimination versus tax avoidance: free trade agreements and transfer pricing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Mukunoki ◽  
Hirofumi Okoshi
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Rules Of Origin ◽  
A Value ◽  
Transfer Prices

AbstractWe explore the new roles of rules of origin (ROO) when multinational enterprises (MNEs) manipulate their transfer prices to avoid a high corporate tax. The ROO under a free trade agreement (FTA) require exporters to identify the origin of exports to be eligible for a preferential tariff rate. We find that a value-added criterion of ROO restricts abusive transfer pricing by MNEs. Interestingly, an FTA with ROO can induce MNEs to shift profits from a low- to high-tax country. Because the ROO augment tax revenues inside FTA countries, they can transform a welfare-reducing FTA into a welfare-improving one.

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