scholarly journals A web-based early-warning service to monitor drinking-water treatment plant operations

2010 ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
Franclin S. Foping

Drinking contaminated water can be harmful to our health. According to the World Health Organization, about 1.8 million people die every year across the world from water-borne diseases mainly caused by polluted drinking water. Furthermore, the cryptosporidium outbreak that happened in Galway in 2007 indicates the urgency to provide appropriate solutions in order to counteract this ominous situation in the country. Water treatment plants (WTP) are basic components of modern water supply and distribution systems. These are engineering systems that purify raw water to specific safety levels. The raw water passes through a series of treatment phases wherein it is processed and purified according to existing safety protocols regulating drinking water. After undergoing a purification step, the drinking water is distributed to the consumers through a network of pipes, pumps and reservoirs. The research presented in this report is focused on the safety of these critical infrastructures. In particular, the ...

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 225-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lahti ◽  
J. Rapala ◽  
A-L. Kivimäki ◽  
J. Kukkonen ◽  
M. Niemelä ◽  
...  

Problems caused by cyanobacteria are common around the world and also in raw water sources of drinking water treatment plants. Strains belonging to genera Microcystis, Anabaena and Planktothrix produce potent hepatotoxins, the microcystins. Laboratory and pilot scale studies have shown that microcystins dissolved in water may pass the conventional surface water treatment processes. In 1998 the World Health Organization proposed a guide value of 1 μg/L for microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in drinking water. The purpose of this research was to study the occurrence of microcystins in raw water sources of surface waterworks and in bank filtration plants and to evaluate the removal of microcystins in operating waterworks. Four bank filtration plants and nine surface waterworks using different processes for water treatment were monitored. Phytoplankton was identified and quantified, and microcystins analysed with sensitive immunoassay. Microcystin occurrence in selected water samples was verified with HPLC and a protein phosphatase inhibition method. Microcystins were detected sporadically in raw water sources of most of the waterworks. In two raw water supplies toxins were detected for several months. The highest microcystin concentrations in incoming raw water were approximately 10 μg/L MC-LR equivalents. In treated drinking water microcystins were detected occasionally but the concentrations were always below the guide value proposed by WHO.


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1579-1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-Ren Zhou ◽  
Yi-Li Lin ◽  
Tian-Yang Zhang ◽  
Bin Xu ◽  
Wen-Hai Chu ◽  
...  

Abstract The objective of this research was to study the occurrence and seasonal variations of disinfection by-products (DBPs), including traditional carbonaceous and emerging nitrogenous DBPs, in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) for nearly 2 years. The removal efficiencies of each DBP through the treatment processes were also investigated. This DWTP takes raw water from the Yangtze River in East China. The quality of the raw water used in this DWTP varied with different seasons. The results suggested that DBP concentrations of the finished water were higher in spring (82.33 ± 15.12 μg/L) and summer (117.29 ± 9.94 μg/L) with higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels, but lower in autumn (41.10 ± 5.82 μg/L) and winter (78.47 ± 2.74 μg/L) with lower DOC levels. Due to the increase of bromide concentration in spring and winter, more toxic brominated DBPs increased obviously and took up a greater proportion. In this DWTP, DBP concentrations increased dramatically after pre-chlorination, especially in summer. It is noteworthy that the removal of DBPs during the subsequent treatment was more obvious in spring than in the other three seasons because the pH value is more beneficial to coagulation in spring.


Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abderrezzaq Benalia ◽  
Kerroum Derbal ◽  
Antonio Panico ◽  
Francesco Pirozzi

In this study, the use of acorn leaves as a natural coagulant to reduce raw water turbidity and globally improve drinking water quality was investigated. The raw water was collected from a drinking water treatment plant located in Mila (Algeria) with an initial turbidity of 13.0 ± 0.1 NTU. To obtain acorn leaf powder as a coagulant, the acorn leaves were previously cleaned, washed with tap water, dried, ground and then finely sieved. To improve the coagulant activity and, consequently, the turbidity removal efficiency, the fine powder was also preliminarily treated with different solvents, as follows, in order to extract the coagulant agent: (i) distilled water; (ii) solutions of NaCl (0.25; 0.5 and 1 M); (iii) solutions of NaOH (0.025; 0.05 and 0.1 M); and (iv) solutions of HCl (0.025; 0.05 and 0.1 M). Standard Jar Test assays were conducted to evaluate the performance of the coagulant in the different considered operational conditions. Results of the study indicated that at low turbidity (e.g., 13.0 ± 0.1 NTU), the raw acorn leaf powder and those treated with distilled water (DW) were able to decrease the turbidity to 3.69 ± 0.06 and 1.97 ± 0.03 NTU, respectively. The use of sodium chloride solution (AC-NaCl) at 0.5 M resulted in a high turbidity removal efficiency (91.07%) compared to solutions with different concentrations (0.25 and 1 M). Concerning solutions of sodium hydroxide (AC-NaOH) and hydrogen chloride (AC-HCl), the lowest final turbidities of 1.83 ± 0.13 and 0.92 ± 0.02 NTU were obtained when the concentrations of the solutions were set at 0.05 and 0.1 M, respectively. Finally, in this study, other water quality parameters, such as total alkalinity hardness, pH, electrical conductivity and organic matters content, were measured to assess the coagulant performance on drinking water treatment.


Author(s):  
Mohamed Deyab ◽  
Magda El-Adl ◽  
Fatma Ward ◽  
Eman Omar

Abstract This work aims to study the seasonal fluctuation in physicochemical characteristics, trophic status, and some pollutants influencing phytoplankton diversity, and water quality at a compact Kafr El-Shinawy drinking-water treatment plant, Damietta – Egypt seasonally during 2018. Phytoplankton distribution was affected by the trophic status of water, level of pollutants, and physicochemical treatment processes of water. The predominance of phytoplankton species, especially Aphanizomenon flos aquae (Cyanophyta), Gomphosphaeria lacustris (Cyanophyta), Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyta), Nostoc punctiforme (Cyanophyta), Oscillatoria limnetica (Cyanophyta), Pediastrum simplex (Chlorophyta), and Melosira granulata (Bacillariophyta) in treated water was much less than that in raw water. Trihalomethanes (THMs) levels in treated waters were higher than in raw water, while lower concentrations of heavy metals were recorded in treated water. Intracellular levels of microcystins were lower, whereas the extracellular levels were higher in treated water than raw water, and the former recorded the highest level in raw water during summer. Hence, the levels of dissolved microcystins and THMs in treated water were higher especially during summer, the season of luxurious growth of Microcystis species. Trophic state index (TSI) was relatively high in raw water compared with treated water due to high concentrations of nutrients (total-P, total-N, nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia) in raw water.


Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Farhad Jalili ◽  
Hana Trigui ◽  
Juan Francisco Guerra Maldonado ◽  
Sarah Dorner ◽  
Arash Zamyadi ◽  
...  

Conventional processes (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration) are widely used in drinking water treatment plants and are considered a good treatment strategy to eliminate cyanobacterial cells and cell-bound cyanotoxins. The diversity of cyanobacteria was investigated using taxonomic cell counts and shotgun metagenomics over two seasons in a drinking water treatment plant before, during, and after the bloom. Changes in the community structure over time at the phylum, genus, and species levels were monitored in samples retrieved from raw water (RW), sludge in the holding tank (ST), and sludge supernatant (SST). Aphanothece clathrata brevis, Microcystis aeruginosa, Dolichospermum spiroides, and Chroococcus minimus were predominant species detected in RW by taxonomic cell counts. Shotgun metagenomics revealed that Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum in RW before and after the cyanobacterial bloom. Taxonomic cell counts and shotgun metagenomic showed that the Dolichospermum bloom occurred inside the plant. Cyanobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the major bacterial phyla during the bloom. Shotgun metagenomics also showed that Synechococcus, Microcystis, and Dolichospermum were the predominant detected cyanobacterial genera in the samples. Conventional treatment removed more than 92% of cyanobacterial cells but led to cell accumulation in the sludge up to 31 times more than in the RW influx. Coagulation/sedimentation selectively removed more than 96% of Microcystis and Dolichospermum. Cyanobacterial community in the sludge varied from raw water to sludge during sludge storage (1–13 days). This variation was due to the selective removal of coagulation/sedimentation as well as the accumulation of captured cells over the period of storage time. However, the prediction of the cyanobacterial community composition in the SST remained a challenge. Among nutrient parameters, orthophosphate availability was related to community profile in RW samples, whereas communities in ST were influenced by total nitrogen, Kjeldahl nitrogen (N- Kjeldahl), total and particulate phosphorous, and total organic carbon (TOC). No trend was observed on the impact of nutrients on SST communities. This study profiled new health-related, environmental, and technical challenges for the production of drinking water due to the complex fate of cyanobacteria in cyanobacteria-laden sludge and supernatant.


2011 ◽  
Vol 183-185 ◽  
pp. 625-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Yang ◽  
Wen Xin Shi ◽  
Wen Zhe Li ◽  
Lu He Wan ◽  
Xiao Ju Yan ◽  
...  

In order to investigate the feasibility of pre-treatment of drinking water treatment plant by the constructed wetland and provide the operation parameters for a full scale constructed wetland to improve the quality of raw water. The constructed wetland series process was used to pre-treat influent water of drinking water treatment plant based on raw water of the Song hua jiang River. The results showed that when the influent flux was 1m3/d, the average removal rates of Turbidity, COD, TN and NH4+-N in the constructed wetland system were 94.27%, 56.77%, 2.37% and 55.65% , respectively. The wetland system has high treatment effect and run stably in the pretreatment process of the raw water. This system could lighten the load of the conventional water treatment processes effectively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-266
Author(s):  
Nusa Idaman Said ◽  
Satmoko Yudo ◽  
Wahyu Widayat

ABSTRACT Taman Kota Drinking Water Treatment Plant is Palyja's drinking water treatment plant located in West Jakarta, which processes raw water from Cengkareng Drain. The Processing capacity of IPAM is 150 liters per second. Taman Kota Drinking Water Treatment Plant has a vital meaning of meeting the supply of drinking water in the West Jakarta area. In 2007, the installation stopped operating due to the poor quality of the raw water. Since 2012 the process has been modified by adding a biofiltration process to reduce pollutants, especially ammonia. This study aims to investigate the performance of the biofilter of the Taman Taman Water Treatment Plant after operating for eight years since the process was modified in 2012 by analyzing sampling data. Sampling was carried out every day from January 2019 to January 2020, and the parameters examined were pH, turbidity, ammonium, manganese and dissolved oxygen. In the biofiltration process with a 12–36 minutes contact time in a biofiter reactor, an average ammonium reduction was 42.8%, and the manganese reduction efficiency was 42.78%. The rapid sand filtration process can reduce ammonium concentration with an average efficiency of 49.04%. Using aerobic biofiltration process can significantly increase dissolved oxygen concentration; increasing the concentration of dissolved oxygen can reach 223.45%. The results study shows that the biofiltration process using honeycomb plastic media can reduce water pollutants, such as ammonia and manganese. It can be seen that the most significant portion of the reduction of ammonium concentration occurs in the process of biofiltration and rapid sand filtration. Keywords : biofilter, drinking water, treatment, ammonium   ABSTRAK Instalasi Pengolahan Air Minum (IPAM) Taman Kota, Jakarta Barat adalah instalasi pengolah air baku milik Palyja yang mengolah air baku dari Cengkareng Drain, Jakarta Barat. Kapasitas pengolahan IPAM adalah 150 liter per detik. Instalasi Pengolahan Air Minum Taman Kota mempunyai arti penting untuk memenuhi suplai air minum di wilayah Jakarta Barat. Pada tahun 2007, IPAM Taman Kota telah berhenti beroperasi disebabkan karena kualitas air bakunya yang buruk. Sejak tahun 2012 telah dilakukan modifikasi proses dengan menambahkan proses biofiltrasi untuk menurunkan konsentrasi polutan khususnya amoniak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan investigasi kinerja proses biofilter IPAM Taman Kota yang telah beroperasi selama delapan tahun sejak dilakukan modifikasi proses pada tahun 2012 dengan melakukan analisa data sampling. Pengambilan sample dilakukan setiap hari dari bulan Januari 2019 sampai Januari 2020, dan parameter yang diperiksa yakni pH, kekeruhan, amonium, mangan dan oksigen terlarut. Dalam proses biofiltrasi dengan waktu kontak 12–36 menit di dalam reaktor biofiter didapatkan penurunan amonium rata-rata 42,8%, dan efisiensi penurunan mangan 42,78%. Proses filtrasi pasir cepat dapat menurunkan konsentrasi amonium dengan efisiensi penurunan rata-rata 49,04%. Dengan proses biofiltrasi aerobik dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi oksigen terlarut dengan sangat signifikan, peningkatan konsentrasi oksigen terlarut dapat mencapai 223,45%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses biofiltrasi menggunakan media plastik tipe sarang tawon dapat menurunkan polutan pencemar yang di dalam air misalnya amonia dan mangan serta dapat diketahui bahwa porsi penurunan konsentrasi amonium yang terbesar terjadi di proses biofiltrasi dan filtrasi pasir cepat. Kata kunci : biofilter, air minum, pengolahan, amonium


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