Transfer of the unit of oil volumetric moisture content to measuring devices

Storage and application of cattle farmyard manure (CFM) can cause considerable environmental problems through nutrient losses to soil, water and air, if not properly handled. We investigated different storage conditions of CFM at field scale to reduce nitrogen (N) losses to the soil, meanwhile optimising the agronomical quality of the CFM. The treatments differed in terms of storage method (stockpiling, extensive composting or co-composting with bulking agents) and coverage (no cover, plastic or geotextile cover). Over the different treatments, the ammonium-N concentrations under the piles in the 0–90 cm soil layer amounted to a maximum of 4.2% of the initial manure N content. We were able to assess the relative importance of each of the two processes resulting in a higher mineral N concentration under the piles, i.e. direct leaching from the CFM to the soil on the one hand, and a smaller indirect effect of elevated soil temperatures (up to 37°C) under the piles resulting in higher N mineralisation in the top soil on the other hand. NH4+-N was the most important component of mineral N under all heaps due to limited oxygen diffusion to the soil. N leaching and end-product quality were affected by a combination of treatment option (i.e. storage and cover) and initial manure characteristics. When CFM was characterised by a low volumetric moisture content and high C : N ratio, so in case of straw-rich CFM or CFM with added bulking agents, composting led to the least N leaching and most stable end product. When CFM was characterised by a high volumetric moisture content and low C : N ratio, stockpiling and covering (plastic or geotextile) resulted in lower N leaching to the soil. Stockpiling and covering the CFM with a geotextile resulted in a more stable end product than did covering with a plastic.

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Impacts of forage grazing and cultivation on near-surface relative compaction

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s98-076 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 79 (3) ◽

pp. 465-471 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

D. A. Twerdoff ◽

D. S. Chanasyk ◽

E. Mapfumo ◽

M. A. Naeth ◽

V. S. Baron

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Grazing Intensity ◽

Depth Interval ◽

Curvilinear Relationship ◽

Research Station ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Near Surface ◽

Volumetric Moisture Content ◽

Relative Compaction

The study was conducted at the Lacombe Research Station, Alberta, on an Orthic Black Chernozem of loam to silt loam texture to investigate grazing impacts and cultivation on near-surface soil compaction. Four forages, smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss 'Carlton'), meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rhem 'Paddock'), a mixture of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack 'Pika') and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. AC Lacombe), and triticale were used for the study. Each forage species was subjected to heavy, medium and light intensity grazing. Measurements of bulk density and volumetric moisture content for the 0- to 10-cm depth interval were conducted using a surface moisture-density probe between spring 1994 and fall 1996. Relative compaction was calculated as the actual bulk density expressed as a percentage of the Proctor maximum density. Relative compaction values for all treatments and that for the benchmark were less than 90%, which is considered critical for limiting plant growth. Cultivation reduced bulk density under annual forages by only 3% and lowered it under heavy grazed annual treatments most. Regression analysis conducted on the dependence of bulk density to cumulative cow-days indicated a curvilinear relationship. Bulk density increased more rapidly with increasing cumulative cow-days for annuals compared to perennials. From a management perspective, adopting intensive rotational grazing systems for perennial and annual forages may not cause any serious surface compaction problems for soils in this area. Key words: Annuals, bulk density, cow-days, grazing intensity, perennials, volumetric moisture content

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The Spatial Simulation of Soil Volumetric Moisture Content in Different Growth Stages of Peanut

Sensor Letters ◽

10.1166/sl.2012.1879 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 155-161

Author(s):

Yujian Yang ◽

Shubo Wan ◽

Jianhua Zhu ◽

Zhicheng Wang

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Spatial Simulation ◽

Volumetric Moisture Content ◽

Different Growth Stages

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Use of Time Domain Reflectometry to Estimate Moisture and Density of Unbound Road Materials: Laboratory Calibration and Field Investigation

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.3141/2655-10 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2655 (1) ◽

pp. 71-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Habibullah Bhuyan ◽

Alexander Scheuermann ◽

Didier Bodin ◽

Rolf Becker

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Time Domain ◽

Voltage Drop ◽

Base Material ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Time Domain Reflectometry ◽

Pavement Performance ◽

Dry Density ◽

Volumetric Moisture Content

Soil moisture content and dry density of unbound granular pavement materials are important properties for compaction control that influence pavement performance under cyclic loading. Under these loading conditions, increasing moisture content can accelerate significant changes in density. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a method for measuring the moisture content and density of soils with rod probe sensors. This paper introduces new calibration functions for TDR measurements using these rod probe sensors embedded in the soil. TDR measurements were taken in the laboratory for a typical road base material at two basically different conditions: at constant moisture content with different dry densities and at constant dry density with different moisture contents. In this study, a relationship was developed between the voltage drop occurring for the passage of an electromagnetic wave through the soil and the bulk density. The permittivity of the soil sample obtained from the travel time of TDR signals was used to calculate the volumetric moisture content. Finally, the gravimetric moisture content was obtained from the volumetric moisture content and bulk density relationship. For the validation of the calibration functions, rod probe sensors were installed in a road to obtain in situ moisture content and density under field conditions. Laboratory results indicate that the calibration functions are independent of moisture and density, and the field test shows the applicability of the method. The newly developed calibration functions allow for the monitoring of the long-term pavement performance, leading to a better understanding of the time-dependent evolution of, for example, rutting of roads.

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Analysis of Seepage Field and Stability of Clinosol Slope under Rainfall Infiltration

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.307 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 353-356 ◽

pp. 307-311 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xi Yi Yang ◽

Fang Guo

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Pore Water ◽

Rainfall Intensity ◽

Pore Water Pressure ◽

Limit Equilibrium ◽

Water Pressure ◽

Rainfall Infiltration ◽

Seepage Field ◽

Volumetric Moisture Content ◽

Initial Stage

In order to research on slope seepage field and slop stability under rainfall infiltration, this paper combines finite element with limit equilibrium theory to study. The results show that under rainfall, pore water pressure of the slope crest and slope toe in slope wash is greatly influenced by rainfall; Change in the volume moisture content is more sensitive than pore water pressure, volumetric moisture content of each location is increasing quickly at the initial stage of rain, volumetric moisture content in the lower locations is the first to reach saturated due to the continued supply and gravity of the rain; The slope stability reduces with rainfall infiltration, the greater the rainfall intensity, the more obvious decline the slope safety factor.

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Continuous field soil moisture content mapping by means of apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measurement

Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics ◽

10.2478/johh-2013-0039 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 305-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Viliam Nagy ◽

Gábor Milics ◽

Norbert Smuk ◽

Attila József Kovács ◽

István Balla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Interpolation Method ◽

Moisture Distribution ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Volumetric Moisture Content ◽

Sampling Points ◽

Apparent Electrical Conductivity

Abstract A soil moisture content map is important for providing information about the distribution of moisture in a given area. Moisture content directly influences agricultural yield thus it is crucial to have accurate and reliable information about moisture distribution and content in the field. Since soil is a porous medium modified generalized Archie’s equation provides the basic formula to calculate moisture content data based on measured ECa. In this study we aimed to find a more accurate and cost effective method for measuring moisture content than manual field sampling. Locations of 25 sampling points were chosen from our research field as a reference. We assumed that soil moisture content could be calculated by measuring apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) using the Veris-3100 on-the-go soil mapping tool. Statistical analysis was carried out on the 10.791 ECa raw data in order to filter the outliers. The applied statistical method was ±1.5 interquartile (IRQ) distance approach. The visualization of soil moisture distribution within the experimental field was carried out by means of ArcGIS/ArcMAP using the inverse distance weighting interpolation method. In the investigated 25 sampling points, coefficient of determination between calculated volumetric moisture content data and measured ECa was R2 = 0.87. According to our results, volumetric moisture content can be mapped by applying ECa measurements in these particular soil types.

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Calculation Method of Natural Leymus chinensis Evapotranspiration under Shallow Groundwater Level Condition

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1644 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 807-809 ◽

pp. 1644-1647

Author(s):

Yan Wei Liu ◽

Xiao Ping Han ◽

Yu Long Jing

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Groundwater Level ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

Water Transfer ◽

Leymus Chinensis ◽

Volumetric Moisture Content ◽

Agricultural College ◽

Swap Model ◽

Open Test ◽

Shallow Groundwater Level

Natural Leymus Chinensis evapotranspiration in the Otindag sandy area under shallow ground-water level condition is calculated based on Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant (SWAP) Model developed by Wageningen Agricultural College. The observed values in open test and interior experiment, the meteorological observation and crop index, and the data of soil volumetric moisture content in 2005, are used to calibrate parameters of SWAP model, determine and check out the water transfer parameters of SWAP model with soil volumetric moisture content in 2006. The result shows that SWAP model has high precision and can be use to simulate evapotranspiration under shallow groundwater level condition.

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