scholarly journals Adrenal Insufficiency

2016 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
SM Ashrafuzzaman ◽  
Muhammad Abdur Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
High Index ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Adrenal Crisis ◽  
Adrenal Androgen ◽  
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Short Acting ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion

Adrenal insufficiency means hypo-function of the adrenal cortex, usually glucocorticoid, may be associated with mineralocorticoid and rarely adrenal androgen. It can be categorized into two types: Primary adrenal insufficiency, or Addison’s disease (cortisol low and ACTH high) or secondary/ tertiary adrenal insufficiency due to pituitary or hypothalamic disorders (both cortisol and ACTH are low). Identification of etiology is very important for plan of treatment. The reported incidence of adrenal insufficiency varies greatly depending on the population studied, the test and cut off levels used, and the cause. Many patients may present with adrenal crisis, some of them have subtle symptoms, hyperpigmentation, hypotension, electrolyte imbalance, shock etc. Many of them have iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency with features of Cushing’s syndrome. So, the manifestations of adrenal insufficiency are numerous and nonspecific, and clinicians should have a high index of suspicion and be alert to see important diagnostic clues, such as hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and hypotension (that are refractory to fluids and vasopressors), diarrhea, weight loss, vomiting, fever etc. without any clear causation. Treatment of adrenal insufficiency is usually life-long, of course based on etiology. Short acting glucocorticoid is better, like hydrocortisone. Patients may be treated with prednisolone. Patients should be provided a “steroid card”. Sometimes it is essential to take patients under “withdrawal protocol”.Birdem Med J 2015; 5(1) Supplement: 43-48

scholarly journals Latent Adrenal Insufficiency: From Concept to Diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Younes ◽  
Isabelle Bourdeau ◽  
Andre Lacroix
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Adrenocortical Function ◽  
Adrenal Crisis ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Adrenal Androgen

Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a rare disease and potentially fatal if unrecognized. It is characterized by destruction of the adrenal cortex, most frequently of autoimmune origin, resulting in glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and adrenal androgen deficiencies. Initial signs and symptoms can be nonspecific, contributing to late diagnosis. Loss of zona glomerulosa function may precede zona fasciculata and reticularis deficiencies. Patients present with hallmark manifestations including fatigue, weight loss, abdominal pain, melanoderma, hypotension, salt craving, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, or acute adrenal crisis. Diagnosis is established by unequivocally low morning serum cortisol/aldosterone and elevated ACTH and renin concentrations. A standard dose (250 µg) Cosyntropin stimulation test may be needed to confirm adrenal insufficiency (AI) in partial deficiencies. Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid substitution is the hallmark of treatment, alongside patient education regarding dose adjustments in periods of stress and prevention of acute adrenal crisis. Recent studies identified partial residual adrenocortical function in patients with AI and rare cases have recuperated normal hormonal function. Modulating therapies using rituximab or ACTH injections are in early stages of investigation hoping it could maintain glucocorticoid residual function and delay complete destruction of adrenal cortex.

scholarly journals Challenging Diagnosis of Addison’s Disease Presenting with Adrenal Crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ni Wayan Wina Dharmesti ◽  
Made Ratna Saraswati ◽  
Ketut Suastika ◽  
Wira Gotera ◽  
I Made Pande Dwipayana
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Addison’S Disease ◽  
Adrenal Crisis ◽  
Addison's Disease ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Circulatory Collapse ◽  
Emergency Ward ◽  
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Life Threatening

Primary adrenal insufficiency, also known as Addison’s disease, is a rare but potentially fatal condition resulting from the failure of the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoid and/or mineralocorticoid hormones. Unfortunately, the clinical manifestation of primary adrenal insufficiency is not specific and often progresses insidiously, resulting in late diagnosis, or in severe cases, life-threatening circulatory collapse. Adrenal insufficiency should be considered in patients with unexplained vascular collapse. We report the case of a woman who presented to the emergency ward with unexplainable shock that was later diagnosed as adrenal crisis due to Addison’s disease. The presence of hyperpigmentation in patients with rapid progression of adrenal insufficiency suggests the diagnosis of Addison’s disease presenting with adrenal crisis.

scholarly journals Adrenal Crisis in Long Term Use of Exogenous Steroid With Inappropriate Tapering off Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A108-A109
Author(s):  
Nani Oktavia ◽  
Chici Pratiwi ◽  
Jerry Nasaruddin ◽  
Muhammad Ikhsan Mokoagow ◽  
Marina Epriliawati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Adrenal Crisis ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Symptomatic Therapy ◽  
Bowel Sound ◽  
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency

Abstract Background: Adrenal crisis is an emergency condition in endocrinology that commonly found in primary adrenal insufficiency but also occur in chronic adrenal insufficiency triggered by various conditions such as sepsis, infection, trauma, burns, surgery, and myocardial infarction. In chronic adrenal insufficiency, adrenal crisis can be induced by excessive reductions or inadequate discontinuation of steroid treatment. Case Illustration: A 40-year old-man admitted with chief complaint abdominal pain since seven days before admission. He felt pain in the umbilical area and slowly radiated to all the part of abdomen. Other than that, he also felt nausea, had vomitus, fever, and constipation for five days. He was immobilized for four months, with muscles weakness and atrophy. He was diagnosed with Focal Segmented Glomerulosclerosis and had a high dose of methylprednisolone (48 mg) for 6 months, 40 mg for the next 2 months and methylprednisolone 12 mg for the last 2 months. The last two month, he began to have severe general weakness and hypotension. On physical examination we found hypotension, fever (38.1o C), pale conjunctiva, moon face, buffalo hump, slightly distended and tenderness of abdomen, normal bowel sound, and purple striae all over the abdomen and extremities. On laboratory examination, Hb was 8.2 (n 11.7 – 15.5 g/dl), leukocytes 10,400 (5.00 – 10.00 x 103/μL), Na 123 (n 135 – 147 mmol/L), random blood glucose 74 (n 70 – 140 mg/dL). On abdominal X ray, there was prominent faecal material and no signs of ileus. No sign of infection found in urinalysis. He had sodium correction, packed red cell transfusion, symptomatic therapy including laxative, methylprednisolone 12 mg, but no improvement of signs and symptoms beside be able to defecate. The abdominal ultrasound gave a normal result. The morning cortisol level was then examined, with the result 14.4 (n 3.7–19.4). The patient was then diagnosed with adrenal crisis based on the clinical manifestations and had hydrocortisone therapy 100 mg a day for 2 consecutive days. After hydrocortisone administration, the symptoms improved, no fever and abdominal pain, he had normotension, increased sodium level 132 (n 135 – 147 mmol/L) and blood glucose level 118 (n 70 – 140 mg/dL). On the third day the patient discharged with oral hydrocortisone 15 mg in the morning and 10 mg in the afternoon. Conclusion: Adrenal crisis was generally found in primary adrenal insufficiency but could also occur in secondary adrenal insufficiency due to inappropriate tapering off process of long term glucocorticoid use.

scholarly journals Tiered healthcare in South Africa exposes deficiencies in management and more patients with infectious etiology of primary adrenal insufficiency

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241845
Author(s):  
Thabiso Rafaki Petrus Mofokeng ◽  
Kwazi Celani Zwakele Ndlovu ◽  
Salem A. Beshyah ◽  
Ian L. Ross
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Adrenal Crisis ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
The Public

Objective We wished to determine the prevalence, etiology, presentation, and available management strategies for primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) in South Africa (SA), hypothesizing a prevalence greater than the described 3.1 per million. There is great inequity in healthcare allocation, as two parallel healthcare systems exist, potentially modifying PAI patients’ clinical profiles, private being better resourced than public healthcare. Methods An online survey of physicians’ experience relating to PAI. Results The physicians were managing 811 patients, equal to a prevalence of 14.2 per million. Likely causes of PAI in public/ academic vs private settings included: AIDS-related [304 (44.8%) vs 5 (3.8%); p<0.001], tuberculosis [288 (42.5%) vs 8 (6.0%); p<0.001], autoimmune disease [50 (7.4%) vs 88 (66.2%); p<0.001], malignancy [27 (4.0%) vs 7 (5.3%); p = 0.500], genetic including adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) [5 (0.7%) vs 16 (12.0%); p<0.001], respectively. Overall, more patients presented with nausea [101 (74.3%) and vomiting 89 (65.9%), than diarrhoea 76 (58.9%); p = 0.008 and 126 (15.5%) in adrenal crisis. Features suggestive of a crisis were hypoglycaemia [40 (78.4%) vs 42 (48.8%); p = 0.001], shock [36 (67.9%) vs 31(36.9%); p<0.001], and loss of consciousness [25 (52.1%) vs 27 (32.9%); p = 0.031]. Greater unavailability of antibody testing in the public vs. the private sector [32 (66.7%) vs 30 (32.1%); p = 0.001], [serum-ACTH 25 (52.1%) vs 16 (19.5%); p<0.001] and glucocorticoids were [26 (54.2%) vs 33 (40.2%); p = 0.015]. Many patients, 389(66.7%) were not using identification, indicating that they need steroids in an emergency. Conclusion A survey of South African physicians suggests a higher prevalence than previously reported. Patients presented with typical symptoms, and 15.5% presented in adrenal crisis. Significant disparities in the availability of physicians’ expertise, diagnostic resources, and management options were noted in the public versus private settings. Greater awareness among health practitioners to timeously diagnose PAI is required to prevent a life-threatening outcome.

scholarly journals Reduction in daily hydrocortisone dose improves bone health in primary adrenal insufficiency

2016 ◽  
Vol 174 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Schulz ◽  
Kathrin R Frey ◽  
Mark S Cooper ◽  
Kathrin Zopf ◽  
Manfred Ventz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Adrenal Crisis ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Group Reduction ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Group 1

ObjectiveIndividuals with primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) or congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) receive life-long glucocorticoid (GC) replacement therapy. Current daily GC doses are still higher than the reported adrenal cortisol production rate. This GC excess could result in long-term morbidities such as osteoporosis. No prospective trials have investigated the long-term effect of GC dose changes in PAI and CAH patients.MethodsThis is a prospective and longitudinal study including 57 subjects with PAI (42 women) and 33 with CAH (21 women). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and after 2 years. Subjects were divided into three groups (similar baseline characteristics) depending on changes in daily hydrocortisone equivalent dose (group 1: unchanged 25.2±8.2 mg (mean±s.d., n=50); group 2: increased 18.7±10.3 to 25.9±12.0 mg (n=13); group 3: decreased 30.8±8.5 to 21.4±7.2 mg (n=27)).ResultsSubjects in group 1 showed normal lumbar and femoral Z-scores which were unchanged over time. Group 2 subjects showed a significant decrease in femoral neck Z-scores over time (−0.15±1.1 to −0.37±1.0 (P<0.05)), whereas group 3 subjects showed a significant increase in lumbar spine and hip Z-scores (L1–L4: −0.93±1.2 to –0.65±1.5 (P<0.05); total hip: −0.40±1.0 to −0.28±1.0 (P<0.05)). No changes in BMI over time were seen within any group. Reduction in GC dose did not increase the risk of adrenal crisis.ConclusionThis study demonstrates for the first time that cautious reduction in hydrocortisone equivalent doses leads to increases in BMD, whereas dose increments reduced BMD. These data emphasize the need for the lowest possible GC replacement dose in AI patients to maintain health and avoid long-term adverse effects.

scholarly journals SUN-164 Adrenal Crisis in Early Pregnancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Carolina Bello ◽  
Xiaolei Chen ◽  
Kenneth K Chen
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Adrenal Crisis ◽  
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Early Presentation ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
Medical Disorders ◽  
Free Cortisol ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms in pregnancy, ranging from occasional nausea to fulminant and intractable vomiting. Many underlying metabolic disorders can mimic this, primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) being one of them. Here, we present a case of adrenal insufficiency early in pregnancy. A 28 year old lady G1P0 at 8 weeks of gestations, with a past medical history of Grave’s Disease, presented to our hospital on 3 occasions over one week with severe intractable nausea and vomiting. On prior visits, she had received intravenous fluids and discharged home. Laboratory work-up was ordered on the third visit and she was found to have severe hyponatremia with level of 111mMol/L. TSH and FT4 levels were both within the reference range. AM cortisol level was low at 2.3mcg/dL. ACTH and renin were both significantly elevated confirming diagnosis of PAI. Intravenous hydrocortisone was commenced immediately with rapid resolution of her symptoms and correction of her hyponatremia. She was followed at the endocrinology clinic, with appropriate up-titration of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid doses throughout her pregnancy. Diagnosis of PAI is usually established prior to pregnancy. Presentation during pregnancy is not common, but it should be considered as a differential diagnosis when symptoms are out of proportion to the gestational status. Normal pregnancy is accompanied by progressive increase in circulating CRH and ACTH, increasing the levels of free cortisol as early as 7 weeks of gestation, rising up to 20-fold by the end of pregnancy. These physiologic changes could explain early presentation of adrenal crisis given insufficient glucocorticoid production. A delay in diagnosis and treatment increases the risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality significantly. Management of PAI during pregnancy can be challenging as there are no established guidelines and they have mainly been based on observational studies (1). The appropriate selection and dose of the glucocorticoid is important for the treatment of PAI to minimize adverse effects on mother and baby (2). At the time of active labor and delivery, stress doses of glucocorticoids need to be administered to prevent adrenal crisis (3). In conclusion, early diagnosis and appropriate management of PAI during pregnancy is necessary to sustain a healthy pregnancy. Bibliography 1 Husebye ES, Allolio B, Arlt W, et al. Consensus statement on the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with primary adrenal insufficiency. J Intern Med 2014; 275: 104– 15. 2 Bandoli G, Palmsten K, Forbess C, et al. A review of systemic corticosteroid use in pregnancy and the risk of select pregnancy and birth outcomes. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2017; 43(3): 489–502 3 Chen K, Powrie R. Approach to the use of Glucocorticoids in Pregnancy for Nonobstetric Indications. de Swiet’s Medical Disorders in Obstetric Practice: Fifth Edition. 736-741.

scholarly journals Primary adrenal insufficiency replacement therapy

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-45
Author(s):  
V. V. Fadeev ◽  
G. A. Melnichenko
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Adrenal System ◽  
System 2

Adrenal insufficiency is a clinical syndrome caused by insufficient secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex, which is the result of a malfunction of one or more parts of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system [2]. Primary chronic adrenal insufficiency (1-CNI) develops as a result of the destruction of more than 90% of the cortex of both adrenal glands by a pathological process. The main causes of 1-CNN are currently autoimmune (80–85%) and tuberculosis (5–10%) destruction of the adrenal cortex [2, 3]. 1-CNN of the indicated etiology is better known as "Addison's disease." 1-CNN is a relatively rare disease (40-110 new cases per 1 million people per year) [2, 3], but it is of considerable importance in the practice of endocrinology. Without exception, all patients with a diagnosis of 1-chronic heart failure need lifelong replacement therapy with corticosteroids (CS), which will be discussed in this work.

scholarly journals RECURRENT INVASIVE DUCTAL BREAST CARCINOMA PRESENTING AS PRIMARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY WITH ADRENAL CRISIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. e50-e53
Author(s):  
Mitha Madhava Naik ◽  
Michael James Nestasie ◽  
Murray B. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Breast Carcinoma ◽  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Adrenal Crisis ◽  
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma ◽  
Ductal Breast Carcinoma ◽  
First Case ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recurrent Breast ◽  
Work Up

Objective: We report the first case of recurrent ductal breast carcinoma presenting as primary adrenal insufficiency. Methods: We describe a patient who developed a recurrence of invasive ductal breast carcinoma which went undetected until the patient presented with fulminant adrenal crisis. We describe here an overview of the clinical presentation, work-up, diagnosis, and treatment of adrenal crisis. Results: Adrenal crisis due to bilateral adrenal metastases secondary to invasive ductal breast carcinoma is an exceedingly rare occurrence. To our knowledge, this is the first case of recurrent breast carcinoma in which the presenting feature is primary adrenal insufficiency. Conclusion: Patients with a history of breast carcinoma and bilateral adrenal enlargement should be evaluated for the presence of primary adrenal insufficiency.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document