scholarly journals Epistaxis in Children: Aetiology, Management and Outcome

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
Syed Hasan Imam Al Masum ◽  
Ali Jacob Arsalan ◽  
Dilruba Begum
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Facial Oedema ◽  
Severe Bleeding ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Recurrent Epistaxis ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Although epistaxis is a common problem in preschool and school children, it is often considered as trivial and overlooked. As a result recurrent epistaxis sometimes may occur which, in some cases, may even be fatal.Objective: The present study was, undertaken to determine the etiological profile and outcome of treatment of epistaxis in children.Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka from January 2012 to December 2013. In cases of mild bleeding and stable patient, detailed history was noted along with management of the bleeding. In case of severe bleeding, history was taken after the bleeding was controlled. The diagnosis of epistaxis was based on clinical history, physical findings, laboratory investigations with examination of the nose and nasopharynx. All patients were treated conservatively initially and chemical cauterization of the specific area was considered only when conservative means failed to control the epistaxis.Results: Total 50 cases of epistoxis were enrolled. Nearly half (46%) of the patients were 3-4 years old and the rest 54% 5-6 years old with mean age being 4.6±0.9 years. Majority (68%) of the patients was male with male to female ratio being 2:1. Over twothirds (68%) of the patients were from lower middle class. All patients’ had anterior nasal bleeding. Seventy percent had acute epistaxis and the rest (30%) had recurrent epistaxis. Nearly half (46%) of the patients had inflammatory diseases, 28% had upper respiratory tract infections (URI), 16% had history of nasal trauma, 12% allergic rhinitis and very few patients (2%) had idiopathic causes. Eight percent patients developed shock and were resuscitated along with management of bleeding. Over one-quarter (28%) of the patients developed recurrent epistaxis and only 6% had facial oedema. All patients recovered uneventfully.Conclusion: The study concluded that the common causes of epistaxis in children in our country is inflammatory and infectious diseases of nose and upper respiratory tract and most of the epistaxis could be managed with conservative treatment alone.Bangladesh J Child Health 2015; VOL 39 (2) :73-76

scholarly journals A cross sectional study on prescription pattern of drugs in upper respiratory tract infections in a tertiary care hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
Divya Bade ◽  
Shivashankaramurthy K. G. ◽  
Kiran L. J. ◽  
Raghuprasada M. S. ◽  
Harishkumar V. S. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Prescribing Patterns ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Upper respiratory tract infections are one of the leading causes of hospital visits worldwide. Judicious use of antibiotics is challenging for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in developing countries like India. This leads to inappropriate use of antibiotics causing many dreaded conditions like antibacterial resistance among other things. Hence rational use of drugs, mainly antibacterial, is a priority to reduce the burden of treatment failure. The objective of this study is to study the prescribing patterns and rationality of drugs prescribed in the management of URTIs.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Data was collected from records of 300 outpatients clinically diagnosed as URTIs from SSIMS and RC Hospital, Davangere between January 2015 and June 2016. The prescribing patterns, approval status and listing of drugs in World Health Organization (WHO) essential medicines list/ National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) were analysed. The data was presented as percentages, mean and standard deviations.Results: A total of 300 cases were studied. Among these, acute pharyngitis (29%) and acute sinusitis (26%) are the most common infections. Of the 300 cases studied, 283 (94.3%) were prescribed antimicrobials. Of the total 740 medications prescribed, 393 (53.1%) were fixed-dose combinations (FDCs). A total of 724 medications (97.8%) were approved by Drugs Controller General of India and 248 (33.5%) by Food and Drug Administration. Only 5.8% of the prescribed drugs have been listed in WHO’s and NLEM. The most common class of antibacterials prescribed was Beta-lactams.Conclusions: Oral formulations were preferred over parenteral formulations and FDCs were preferred over single drug formulations. Beta-lactams comprised the major class of antibacterial prescribed.

scholarly journals The Relationship Of The Utilization Of Sanitation Clinic With The Prevention Of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Disease In Majasem Public Health Center Working Area Cirebon City 2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Dina Aulya Wahab ◽  
Mitha Erlisya Puspandhani ◽  
Shella Febiana
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
P Value ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Public Health Office ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Utilization of clinical sanitation is where people use clinical sanitation room and follow activity in clinical saanitation. Efforts to prevent diseases of the upper respiratory tract, namely to prevent direct or indirect contact with patients with upper respiratory tract infections and using PPE, maintaining environmental cleanliness, maintaining personal hygiene with clean and healthy living behaviors in the household order. Depend on data of Public Health Office Cirebon at 2018, achievement program clinical sanitation just reach clinical sanitation is 30%, number of ISPA cases reach number 26.142 people. This research uses correlation descriptive, approach with cross sectional. Population is all of people in Puskesmas Working Area Cirebon as much 2.506 people. Sample technic which use is purposiv sampling technic as much 97 people. Instrumen which uses this research is questionare. Result of research shows 97 responden total responden which utilize clinical sanitation as much 88 responden or 90,7% more than which not utilize clinical sanitation as much 9,3%. P value which is got as bis as 0,00 and smller of value a = 0,05. This result shows that there is relation utilization of clinical sanitation which prevent ISPA disease in Puskesmas Working Area Majasem Cirebon.  Be expected that the agency more improve clinical sanitation program and educate the public related importance to maintain environmental health.

scholarly journals Relationship Family Health Behavior with The Frequency of Occurrence of Children Upper respiratory tract infections In Puskesmas Banyu Urip Surabaya

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Fritria Dwi Anggraini ◽  
Annif Munjidah
Keyword(s):  
Health Behavior ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Whitney Test ◽  
Mann Whitney Test ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) is the most common deadly disease of children in Indonesia. The disease is still underestimated by some families and still consider as harmless disease, so that it may suffered by the children repeatedly. Most parents do not understand that this disease can cause more dangerous diseases if not immediately handled, especially when the immune system is in bad condition. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between family health behavior with the incidence of URI of toddlers. The type of this research was analytic observational with cross sectional approach. The population was 53 mothers with sick and healthy toddlers who visited the Puskesmas Banyu Urip Surabaya. The sample was 47 respondents which taken by simple random sampling. Independent vURTIable was family health behavior while dependent vURTIable was incident of URTI. Instruments were questionnaire and interview sheet. The data analyzed by Mann-Whitney test with significance level α = 0,05. The result showed that most of the respondents (61,7%) had positive behavior and most of them (59,6%) rarely suffered URTI, whereas almost half (40,4%) of respondents had children often suffered URI. Mann-Whitney test analysis results show that ρ = 0.008 <0.05 then H0 was rejected means there was relationship of family health behavior with the incidence of URTI at infants at Puskesmas Banyu Urip Surabaya

scholarly journals Evaluation of parental knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antibiotic use in acute upper respiratory tract infections in children under 18 years of age: a cross-sectional study in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aslınur Albayrak ◽  
Nazmi Mutlu Karakaş ◽  
Bensu Karahalil
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are common in children. Antibiotics still continue to be prescribed although most URTIs are of viral origin. This is inappropriate use and this unnecessary administration contributes or may cause antibiotic resistance. The problem of unnecessary antibiotic use among children is a concern for antibiotic resistance in low- and middle-income developing countries. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of parents of children with upper respiratory tract infections regarding antibiotic use and their antibiotic administration practices in a tertiary care hospital in Turkey. Methods Our study is a cross-sectional survey study. It was carried out between 14 December 2020 and 1 April 2021 for parents over 18 years of age with a child under 18 years’ old who applied to the general pediatrics outpatient clinics of Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Hospital Department of Pediatrics. Results Five hundred fifty-four parents responded to the questionnaire (93.2% rate of response). A total of 15.7% of parents stated to use antibiotics in any child with fever. 37% of parents believed that antibiotics could cure infections caused by viruses. 6.3% of parents declared that they put pressure on pediatricians to prescribe antibiotics. While 28% of the parents who thought that the use of inappropriate antibiotics would not change the effect and resistance of the treatment, 41% thought that new antibiotics could be developed continuously. 85.6% of the parents stated that they never gave their children non-prescription antibiotics when they had a high fever. 80.9% of them declared that they never used past antibiotics in the presence of a new infection. Conclusion According to the results of our study of parents’ lack of knowledge about antibiotics in Turkey, though generally it shows proper attitude and practices. It shows that some of the restrictions imposed by the National Action Plan are partially working. However, it is still necessary to continue to inform parents, pediatricians and pharmacists about the use of antibiotics, and to be more sensitive about the prescribing of antibiotics, and if necessary, sanctions should be imposed by the state in order to prevent unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions.

scholarly journals Patient Factors in Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing for Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in the Emergency Department

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
Azmi Ahmad ◽  
Junainah Nor ◽  
Ariff Arithra Abdullah ◽  
Tuan Hairulnizam Tuan Kamauzaman ◽  
Mohd Boniami Yazid
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Patient Factors ◽  
Acute Tonsillitis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Emergency departments (EDs) are frequently misused for non-emergency cases such as upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). Flooding of these cases may contribute to inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. The aim of this study was to determine the patient factors associated with inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for URTIs in the EDs. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved patients over age 3 years old who presented with URTI to the green zone of the ED of a tertiary hospital on the east coast of Malaysia in 2018– 2019. Convenient sampling was done. The patients were categorised into two groups according to their McIsaac scores: positive (≥ 2) or negative (< 2). Antibiotics given to the negative McIsaac group were considered inappropriate. Results: A total of 261 cases were included — 127 with positive and 134 with negative McIsaac scores. The most common symptoms were fever and cough. About 29% had inappropriate antibiotic prescribing with a high rate for amoxycillin. Duration of symptoms of one day or less (OR 18.5; 95% CI: 1.65, 207.10; P = 0.018), presence of chills (OR 4.36; 95% CI: 1.13, 16.88; P = 0.033) and diagnosis of acute tonsillitis (OR 5.26; 95% CI: 1.76, 15.72; P = 0.003) were significantly associated with inappropriate antibiotic prescription. Conclusion: Factors influencing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing should be pointed out to emergency doctors to reduce its incidence.

Misconceptions and Malpractices Toward Antibiotic Use in Childhood Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Among a Cohort of Lebanese Parents

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghada El Khoury ◽  
Elsy Ramia ◽  
Pascale Salameh
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging global health threat. Misuse and abuse of antibiotics are of particular concern in the pediatric population. Since management of childhood illnesses depends considerably on parents’ perceptions, the objectives of this study were to report parents’ perspectives and assess their practices toward antibiotics used for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in children. Using a cross-sectional design, anonymous structured questionnaires were completed by 1,037 parents in public and private schools across Lebanon’s largest governorate. Descriptive statistics were used to report participants’ responses. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors affecting knowledge and malpractice related to antibiotic use. Significant misconceptions and malpractices were identified among parents. For instance, 33.9% of parents considered that antibiotics are helpful in treating common cold among children and 36.2% believed antibiotics expedite the recovery of their child with common cold infection. Moreover, there was a lack of knowledge concerning antibiotic coverage, since 37.9% of the respondents believed that antibiotics treat viral infections and 21.5% were neutral toward this question. Around 20% of the participants believed they can reduce the dose of antibiotics if the child gets better. Significant factors associated with poor knowledge and misuses were parents’ lower educational and socioeconomic levels. Despite extensive evidence on the limited role of antibiotics in URTIs, parents in Lebanon continue to misuse them. More concerted efforts are needed to improve parents’ knowledge and practices with regard to the rational use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals A STUDY ON THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL PROFILE OF WHEEZING IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

2021 ◽  
pp. 167-170
Author(s):  
Sunita Das ◽  
Deshish Kumar Panda ◽  
Kedarnath Das ◽  
Saiprasanna Behera
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
History Of ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

This hospital based observational cross sectional study having a sample size of 100 was undertaken at S.C.B. Medical College and S.V.P.P.G.I.P.,Cuttack,with an objective to study the clinical profile and risk factors for wheezing in infancy from November 2018 to November 2020. Wheezing is accountable for a high demand of medical consultations and emergency care services with relatively high rates of hospitalization.In this study, several risk factors were identified for wheezing in less than one year of age which had little resemblance to similar studies made in various other age groups.However,maternal smoking as a risk factor could not be found in our study due to social cultural lifestyle in the study population. Factors like caesarean section, history of birth asphyxia, NICU admissions and living in kuccha house were not found to impose risk for wheezing in infancy in the study in contrary to similar such studies in other age groups.The present study revealed, that among all other etiology, the viral respiratory tract infections including bronchiolitis was the most common cause of wheezing in infancy (64%) followed by WALRI (wheeze associated lower respiratory tract infection). In conclusion, if an infant with wheezing has risk factors like male sex, preterm, more than six months age, family history of atopy or repeated upper respiratory tract illness or overcrowding in family, anticipating the severity recurrence should be suspected. These infants should be monitored closely for signs of clinical deterioration. Proper health education,ante natal and neonatal care,promoting of breast feeding and creating awareness to the public regarding modifiable risk factors like separation of family members having upper respiratory illness from young infants will reduce the severity of wheezing and will help prevent their recurrence to much extent.

scholarly journals Risk Factors of Antibiotic Misuse for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: Results from a Cross-Sectional Knowledge-Attitude-Practice Study in Greece

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sotiria G. Panagakou ◽  
Vassiliki Papaevangelou ◽  
Adamos Chadjipanayis ◽  
George A. Syrogiannopoulos ◽  
Maria Theodoridou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Background. Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are common in children. The cause of URTIs is usually viral, but parents’ attitudes often contribute to inappropriate prescription of antibiotics, promoting antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study was to identify possible risk factors associated with antibiotic misuse in Greece, a country with high levels of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance. Methods. A knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) questionnaire was developed and distributed to Greek parents caring for children who were 5-6 years old, between January and July of the same school year. Results. The sample of the study contained 5312 parents from all geographic areas of Greece. The risk factors of being a father, having low education, having immigrant status, being a single parent, having low income, having <2 or >3 children, living in the islands, and being without experience in recurrent URTIs were significantly associated to inadequate knowledge, inappropriate attitudes, and wrong practices. Conclusions. This study has identified the main groups of parents that should be targeted in future intervention programs.

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