scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Detection of Avian Influenza Type A in Ducks at Nikli and Bajitpur Upazila of Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
MZ Hassan ◽  
BC Das ◽  
MS Mahmud ◽  
MA Amin ◽  
MA Yousuf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Type A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
M Gene ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Influenza Type

Waterfowl are the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses and ducks may play a role in the maintenance of avian influenza type A. The aim of the present study was to investigate the seroprevalence and detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) type A in duck. This study was carried out during July 2013 to December 2013 on AIV type A from semi-scavenging farm at Nikli and Bajitpur upazila of Kishoregonj district in Bangladesh. A total of 368 blood samples were collected from duck and tested by indirect ELISA for seroprevalence. For detection of AIV type A, The cloacal swabs were collected from 75 duck and subjected to RNA extraction and real time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) with specific primer and probe for detection of matrix (M) gene. The average seroprevalance of AIV type A in seven different age groups was found to be 90.21%. The highest (25.81 %) seroprevalence was found in 5 months age of birds and the lowest (2.44 %) was found in 12 months age of birds. As regard to area distribution, the average degree of seroprevalence was 93.51% from Nikli had the highest order than Bajitpur (86.88%) upazila of Bangladesh. In case of cloacal sample by using rRT–PCR, out of 15 pooling cloacal samples, two pooling samples (13.33%) that contain 10 samples were positive and 13 pooling samples showed negative (86.67%) for AIV type A in duck. It can be concluded that the long distance movement of duck flocks, may influence outbreak of avian influenza virus (AIV) type A among different poultry species in Bangladesh. Therefore, it needs to develop control strategy for future dissemination of AIV in duck population.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23705Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 5-9

scholarly journals Seroepizootiological investigations of animals from Obedska bara locality for presence of Avian influenza virus

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 307-317
Author(s):  
Bosiljka Djuricic ◽  
Ana Samokovlija ◽  
Zivka Ilic ◽  
Dragan Bacic ◽  
Sonja Radojicic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Type A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Virus Serotype

The disease caused by Influenza viruses has been well known for a very long time. In the recent period there has been noted an occurrence of pandemics caused by Influenza viruses type A with a high rate of mortality. The ongoing pandemic caused by avian influenza virus serotype H9N9 began in Hong Kong in 1992, and another pandemic caused by serotype H5N1 began in China (Hong Kong) in 1999. The world wide spreading of these viruses occurred due to migratory birds. Avian influenza was confirmed in Serbia in 2007. The goal of this study was to examine whether the avian influenza viruses type A circulate in the region of the Obedska bara marsh, which is a famous resort for many birds in Serbia, as well as many birds migrating from Europe to Africa and vice versa. The samples of blood sera of many animal species (123 samples from fowl, 64 samples from donkeys, 40 samples from horses) were tested by serologic reaction of inhibition of haemmaglutination (IHA) for the presence of antibodies to influenza A subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H7N1 and H7N2. Also, the samples of blood sera of experimental chicken exposed to wild life in Obedska bara (sentinel species) were tested. Antibodies to subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H7N1 and H7N2 were found in chicken from Dec, Boljevci, Petrovcic and Kupinovo villages but no antibodies were found in blood sera from hams from Dobanovci, Jakovo, Becmen and Surcin villages. From 23 samples from ducks antibodies were detected in 3 samples, and from 22 geese blood sera antibodies were found in 4 samples. From a total of 40 horse blood sera tested one was tested positive, and from 64 donkey sera 17 were positive for the presence of antibodies for avian influenza type A. In blood sera of experimental chicken antibodies were found by subtype H5N1 with corrections with H5N2 and H7N1.

scholarly journals Detection of Specific type-A Antigen and Specific Antibody against Avian Influenza virus in Native Duck at Netrokona district of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
MM Mafizul Islam ◽  
Mir Rowshan Akter ◽  
Md Mostafizer Rahman ◽  
Md Atiqul Haque ◽  
Md Karim Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Type A ◽  
Aged Group ◽  
Influenza Type ◽  
Test Kit

The present study was conducted on unvaccinated native ducks of different age groups to determine specific antibody titer level against Avian Influenza virus (AIV) by indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA) and to detect avian influenza type A virus antigen by rapid AIV antigen test kit at Netrokona district of Bangladesh. This study showed that AIV specific antibody positive cases were 78 out of 90 blood serum samples and the highest antibody titer was 2323 and lowest antibody titer was 256. The total 86.67% sera samples were showed positive result. The study showed that 66.66% sera sample were positive against AIV at 3-4 month of aged group and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 1428, 256 and 906.3 respectively. On the other hand 78% sera sample were positive against AIV at 5-6 month aged group and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 1675 , 451 and 1083.6 respectively. The sera sample collected from 7-8 month aged group showed 88.9% positive and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 1857, 578 and 1285.5 respectively. The sera sample collected from 9-10 month of aged group showed 100% positive against AIV and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 197l, 638 and 1571.5 respectively .The sera sample collected from duck of ?11 month aged group were 100% positive against AIV and the highest, lowest and mean antibody titer were 2323, 1423 and 1813.7 respectively. Tracheal and cloacal swabs from ducks with antibody titer more than 1813.778 were tested for the avian influenza type A antigen by Anigen Rapid AIV Ag test kit. The above sample showed 20% positive result. In conclusion it is evident that Avian influenza virus-specific antibody was successfully detected through commercially available Avian influenza virus antibody test kit (ELISA Kit) and the virus induced a significant antibody titer indicating the affecting virus was absolutely AIV.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of duck as reservoir of Avian Influenza Virus in Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Md Zakir Hassan ◽  
Md Mamunur Rahman ◽  
Bidhan Chandra Das ◽  
Md Al Amin ◽  
Salma Sultana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Serum Sample ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Type A ◽  
Blood Serum Sample ◽  
Influenza Type

This research work was conducted to detect the prevalence and incidence of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) in Duck at hoar area of Kishorganj district in Bangladesh. The study period was July 2013 to December 2013 and the molecular work was done in Central Disease Investigation Laboratory (CDIL), Dhaka. A total number of 736 blood serum sample and 150 cloacal swab sample were collected from asymptomatic semi scavenging duck above 4 month of age. Blood serum sample was tested to detect the prevalence of Avian Influenza Virus A (AIV) specific antibody through indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Essay (ELISA) and cloacal sample was tested to detect the incidence of AIV through real time Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR). A total number of 736 blood serum sample were tested in which 684 is positive (+ve) of Avian Influenza type A antibody and 52 are negative (-ve) of Avian Influenza type A. The prevalence rate was 92.93%. The tested result shown that prevalence rate was in 4-6 month of age as 93.96%, as 7-9 month of age as 92.92 % and in 10-12 month of age as 91.91%. A total number of 15 pooling sample from 75 cloacal samples was conducted for detection of AIV that shed in environment. After calculating the result through real time Reverse Transcription (RT) - PCR, it was shown that 2 pooling sample was positive (13.33%) for AIV and 13 pooling sample was negative (86.87%) for AIV. So incidence rate was 13.33% for AIV. This duck can transmit the AIV in the surrounding poultry population and clinical outbreaks may occur. After analysis of ELISA & PCR result it was shown that duck act as a natural reservoir of AIV in Bangladesh.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2018, 4(1): 14-20

scholarly journals Swine ANP32A Supports Avian Influenza Virus Polymerase

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Peacock ◽  
Olivia C. Swann ◽  
Hamish A. Salvesen ◽  
Ecco Staller ◽  
P. Brian Leung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Mixing Vessels

ABSTRACT Avian influenza viruses occasionally infect and adapt to mammals, including humans. Swine are often described as “mixing vessels,” being susceptible to both avian- and human-origin viruses, which allows the emergence of novel reassortants, such as the precursor to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. ANP32 proteins are host factors that act as influenza virus polymerase cofactors. In this study, we describe how swine ANP32A, uniquely among the mammalian ANP32 proteins tested, supports the activity of avian-origin influenza virus polymerases and avian influenza virus replication. We further show that after the swine-origin influenza virus emerged in humans and caused the 2009 pandemic, it evolved polymerase gene mutations that enabled it to more efficiently use human ANP32 proteins. We map the enhanced proviral activity of swine ANP32A to a pair of amino acids, 106 and 156, in the leucine-rich repeat and central domains and show these mutations enhance binding to influenza virus trimeric polymerase. These findings help elucidate the molecular basis for the mixing vessel trait of swine and further our understanding of the evolution and ecology of viruses in this host. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses can jump from wild birds and poultry into mammalian species such as humans or swine, but they only continue to transmit if they accumulate mammalian adapting mutations. Pigs appear uniquely susceptible to both avian and human strains of influenza and are often described as virus “mixing vessels.” In this study, we describe how a host factor responsible for regulating virus replication, ANP32A, is different between swine and humans. Swine ANP32A allows a greater range of influenza viruses, specifically those from birds, to replicate. It does this by binding the virus polymerase more tightly than the human version of the protein. This work helps to explain the unique properties of swine as mixing vessels.

scholarly journals Knockout of IRF7 Highlights its Modulator Function of Host Response Against Avian Influenza Virus and the Involvement of MAPK and TOR Signaling Pathways in Chicken

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Tae Hyun Kim ◽  
Colin Kern ◽  
Huaijun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Antiviral Response ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Type I

Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is known as the master transcription factor of the type I interferon response in mammalian species along with IRF3. Yet birds only have IRF7, while they are missing IRF3, with a smaller repertoire of immune-related genes, which leads to a distinctive immune response in chickens compared to in mammals. In order to understand the functional role of IRF7 in the regulation of the antiviral response against avian influenza virus in chickens, we generated IRF7-/- chicken embryonic fibroblast (DF-1) cell lines and respective controls (IRF7wt) by utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) system. IRF7 knockout resulted in increased viral titers of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Further RNA-sequencing performed on H6N2-infected IRF7-/- and IRF7wt cell lines revealed that the deletion of IRF7 resulted in the significant down-regulation of antiviral effectors and the differential expression of genes in the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling pathways. Dynamic gene expression profiling of the host response between the wildtype and IRF7 knockout revealed potential signaling pathways involving AP1 (activator protein 1), NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) and inflammatory cytokines that may complement chicken IRF7. Our findings in this study provide novel insights that have not been reported previously, and lay a solid foundation for enhancing our understanding of the host antiviral response against the avian influenza virus in chickens.

scholarly journals A review of H5Nx avian influenza viruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 251513551882162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivette A. Nuñez ◽  
Ted M. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), originating from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 H5 subtype, naturally circulate in wild-bird populations, particularly waterfowl, and often spill over to infect domestic poultry. Occasionally, humans are infected with HPAVI H5N1 resulting in high mortality, but no sustained human-to-human transmission. In this review, the replication cycle, pathogenicity, evolution, spread, and transmission of HPAIVs of H5Nx subtypes, along with the host immune responses to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) infection and potential vaccination, are discussed. In addition, the potential mechanisms for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) H5 Reassorted Viruses H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses to transmit, infect, and adapt to the human host are reviewed.

scholarly journals Surveillance of avian influenza virus type A in semi-scavenging ducks in Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amina Khatun ◽  
Mohammed Giasuddin ◽  
Kazi Islam ◽  
Sazeda Khanom ◽  
Mohammed Samad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Type A

scholarly journals Distinct Pathogenesis of Hong Kong-Origin H5N1 Viruses in Mice Compared to That of Other Highly Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza Viruses

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 1443-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody K. Dybing ◽  
Stacey Schultz-Cherry ◽  
David E. Swayne ◽  
David L. Suarez ◽  
Michael L. Perdue
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Rapid Weight Loss ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic

ABSTRACT In 1997, an outbreak of virulent H5N1 avian influenza virus occurred in poultry in Hong Kong (HK) and was linked to a direct transmission to humans. The factors associated with transmission of avian influenza virus to mammals are not fully understood, and the potential risk of other highly virulent avian influenza A viruses infecting and causing disease in mammals is not known. In this study, two avian and one human HK-origin H5N1 virus along with four additional highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses were analyzed for their pathogenicity in 6- to 8-week-old BALB/c mice. Both the avian and human HK H5 influenza virus isolates caused severe disease in mice, characterized by induced hypothermia, clinical signs, rapid weight loss, and 75 to 100% mortality by 6 to 8 days postinfection. Three of the non-HK-origin isolates caused no detectable clinical signs. One isolate, A/tk/England/91 (H5N1), induced measurable disease, and all but one of the animals recovered. Infections resulted in mild to severe lesions in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Most consistently, the viruses caused necrosis in respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles with accompanying inflammation. The most severe and widespread lesions were observed in the lungs of HK avian influenza virus-infected mice, while no lesions or only mild lesions were evident with A/ck/Scotland/59 (H5N1) and A/ck/Queretaro/95 (H5N2). The A/ck/Italy/97 (H5N2) and the A/tk/England/91 (H5N1) viruses exhibited intermediate pathogenicity, producing mild to moderate respiratory tract lesions. In addition, infection by the different isolates could be further distinguished by the mouse immune response. The non-HK-origin isolates all induced production of increased levels of active transforming growth factor β following infection, while the HK-origin isolates did not.

scholarly journals Detecting influenza and emerging avian influenza virus by influenza and pneumonia surveillance systems in a large city in China, 2005 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Guo ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Ruchun Liu ◽  
Yaman Li ◽  
Qingqing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Death Cases ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Background: Detecting avian influenza virus has become an important public health strategy for controlling the emerging infectious disease. This study aimed to analyze the efficiency of two surveillance systems in detecting the emerging avian influenza viruses. Methods: A modified influenza surveillance system (ISS) and a new built pneumonia surveillance system (PSS) have been used to monitor the viruses in Changsha City, China. The ISS is based on monitoring outpatients in two sentinel hospitals to detect mild influenza and avian influenza cases, and PSS is based on monitoring inpatients in all 49 hospitals to detect severe and death influenza cases. Results: During the study period, 3551917 outpatients were monitored by the ISS system, among which 126076 were influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, with the ILI% of 3.55%. Totally, 14913 throat swabs were collected by the ISS system, among which 2016 were tested positive of influenza or avian influenza virus. Among the positive results, 621 were H3N2, 135 were seasonal H1N1, 610 were influenza A/H1N1 (pandemic in 2009), 106 were untyped influenza A, 540 were B, 1 was H5N6, 1 was H7N9, and 2 were H9N2 virus. 5491560 inpatient people were monitored by the PSS system, among which 6.61% (362743/5491560) were pneumonia cases. 10.55% (38260/362743) of reported pneumonia was severe or death cases. 3401 throat swab or lower respiratory tract samples were collected, among which 2094 were tested positive of influenza or avian influenza virus. Among the positive results, 78 were H3N2, 17 were seasonal H1N1, 1871 were influenza A/H1N1, 103 were untyped influenza A, 16 were B, 1 was H5N6, and 8 were H7N9 virus. Of 15 avian influenza cases reported from January, 2005 to September, 2016, 26.7% (4/15) were mild cases detected by the ISS system, while 60.0% (9/15) were severe or death cases detected by the PSS system. Two H5N1 severe cases were missed by the ISS system in January, 2009 when the PSS system was not available. Conclusion: The two systems seem to be of high efficiency in detecting the emerging avian influenza viruses but need to be verified in other cities or countries.

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