scholarly journals Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme Annual Report, 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica M Lahra ◽  
Tiffany R Hogan ◽  
Masoud Shoushtari ◽  
Benjamin H Armstrong ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Penicillin Resistance ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
Therapy Strategy ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Resistance ◽  
Mic Value

The Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP), established in 1981, has continuously monitored antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> for more than 40 years. In 2020, a total of 7,219 clinical isolates of gonococci from patients in the public and private sectors, in all jurisdictions, were tested for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility by standardised methods. Current treatment recommendations for gonorrhoea, for the majority of Australia, continues to be dual therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin. In 2020, decreased susceptibility (DS) to ceftriaxone (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] value ≥ 0.06 mg/L) was found nationally in 0.9% of isolates. There was one isolate, reported from Victoria in 2020, that was resistant to ceftriaxone (MIC value ≥ 0.25 mg/L). Resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥ 1.0 mg/L) was found nationally in 3.9% of <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i> isolates, continuing a downward trend observed and reported since 2017. Isolates with high-level resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥ 256 mg/L) are identified sporadically in Australia; in 2020, there was one such isolate reported in Queensland. In 2020, penicillin resistance was found in 27% of gonococcal isolates nationally, and ciprofloxacin resistance in 36%; however, there is considerable variation by jurisdiction. In some remote settings, penicillin resistance remains low, and this drug continues to be recommended as part of an empiric therapy strategy. In 2020, in remote Northern Territory, no penicillin resistance was reported, and in remote Western Australia 5/116 of gonococcal isolates (4.3%) were penicillin resistant. There was one ciprofloxacin-resistant isolate reported from remote Northern Territory, and ciprofloxacin resistance rates remain comparatively low in remote Western Australia (4/116; 3.4%).

scholarly journals Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme Annual Report, 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica M Lahra ◽  
Tiffany R Hogan ◽  
Masoud Shoushtari ◽  
Benjamin H Armstrong ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Penicillin Resistance ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
Therapy Strategy ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Resistance ◽  
Mic Value

The Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP), established in 1981, has continuously monitored antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae for more than 40 years. In 2020, a total of 7,222 clinical isolates of gonococci from patients in the public and private sectors, in all jurisdictions, were tested for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility by standardised methods. Current treatment recommendations for gonorrhoea, for the majority of Australia, continues to be dual therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin. In 2020, decreased susceptibility (DS) to ceftriaxone (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] value ≥ 0.06 mg/L) was found nationally in 0.9% of isolates. There was one isolate, reported from Victoria in 2020, that was resistant to ceftriaxone (MIC value ≥ 0.25 mg/L). Resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥ 1.0 mg/L) was found nationally in 3.9% of N. gonorrhoeae isolates, continuing a downward trend observed and reported since 2017. Isolates with high-level resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥ 256 mg/L) are identified sporadically in Australia; in 2020, there was one such isolate reported in Queensland. In 2020, penicillin resistance was found in 27% of gonococcal isolates nationally, and ciprofloxacin resistance in 36%; however, there is considerable variation by jurisdiction. In some remote settings, penicillin resistance remains low, and this drug continues to be recommended as part of an empiric therapy strategy. In 2020, in remote Northern Territory, no penicillin resistance was reported, and in remote Western Australia 5/116 of gonococcal isolates (4.3%) were penicillin resistant. There was one ciprofloxacin-resistant isolate reported from remote Northern Territory, and ciprofloxacin resistance rates remain comparatively low in remote Western Australia (4/116; 3.4%).

scholarly journals Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme Annual Report, 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica M Lahra ◽  
Masoud Shoushtari ◽  
CR Robert George ◽  
Benjamin H Armstrong ◽  
Tiffany R Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
New South ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Resistance ◽  
Mic Value

The Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP) has continuously monitored antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae since 1981. In 2019, a total of 9,668 clinical isolates of gonococci from the public and private sector in all jurisdictions were tested for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility by standardised methods. The current treatment recommendation for gonorrhoea, for the majority of Australia, continues to be dual therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Decreased susceptibility (DS) to ceftriaxone (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] value ≥ 0.06 mg/L) was found nationally in 1.3% of isolates. Five N. gonorrhoeae clinical isolates were ceftriaxone-resistant (MIC value ≥ 0.25 mg/L), and therefore also resistant to penicillin; all were resistant to ciprofloxacin but susceptible to azithromycin. These isolates were reported from Victoria (3), non-remote Western Australia (1) and New South Wales (1). Resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥ 1.0 mg/L) was found nationally in 4.6% of N. gonorrhoeae isolates, continuing a downward trend observed and reported since 2017. Isolates with high-level resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥ 256 mg/L) continue to be reported sporadically in Australia, with eight detected in 2019: two each from New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria, and one each from Tasmania and non-remote Western Australia. In 2019, in Australia, 2,136 gonococcal isolates (22.1%) were penicillin resistant; however, there remains considerable variation by jurisdiction, and in some remote settings there is little resistance and this drug is recommended empiric therapy. In 2019, in the remote Northern Territory, no penicillin resistance was reported, however in remote Western Australia six out of 85 isolates (7.1%) were penicillin resistant. There was no ciprofloxacin resistance reported from isolates tested from remote regions of the Northern Territory, and ciprofloxacin resistance rates remain comparatively low (7/85; 8.2%) in remote Western Australia. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance; disease surveillance; gonococcal infection; Neisseria gonorrhoeae

scholarly journals Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme Annual Report, 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica M Lahra ◽  
Rodney Enriquez ◽  
C. R. Robert George
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Penicillin Resistance ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Mic Value

The Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP) has continuously monitored antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from all states and territories since 1981. In 2017, there were 7,835 clinical isolates of gonococci from public and private sector sources tested for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility by standardised methods. Current treatment recommendations for gonorrhoea for the majority of Australia, is a dual therapeutic strategy of ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration or MIC value 0.06-0.125 mg/L) was found nationally in 1.06% of isolates, which is lower than that reported in the AGSP Annual Report 2016 (1.7%). The highest proportions were reported from Victoria and Western Australia (urban and rural) (2.1% and 1.4% respectively). Resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥1.0 mg/L) was found nationally in 9.3% of isolates, which is approximately double the proportion reported in 2016 (5.0%) and more than three times the proportion reported in 2015 (2.6%). The highest proportions were reported from Victoria (13.5%), South Australia (12.8%) and New South Wales (9.3%). High level resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥256 mg/L) was reported in 4 strains nationally in 2017, 2 from Victoria, one from New South Wales, and one from Queensland. The proportion of strains resistant to penicillin in non-remote Australia ranged from 10.3% in non-remote Northern Territory to 44.1% in Tasmania. In remote Northern Territory, penicillin resistance rates remain low (2.5%). In remote Western Australia, penicillin resistance rates continue to increase (6.7%) compared to the previous years, however, there were relatively low numbers of strains available for isolate based testing (n=12). To address this and to monitor resistance and inform treatment guidelines, widespread molecular testing for penicillin resistance in Western Australia is in place, and these data are included in the AGSP. The proportion of strains resistant to ciprofloxacin in non-remote Australia ranged from 17.2% in non-remote Northern Territory to 61% in Tasmania. Ciprofloxacin resistance rates remain comparatively low in remote Northern Territory (1.3%) and remote Western Australia (5.0%).

scholarly journals Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme Annual Report, 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica M Lahra ◽  
Rodney P Enriquez ◽  
C R Robert George
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
South Wales ◽  
High Level ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Level Resistance ◽  
Mic Value

The Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP) has continuously monitored antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from all states and territories since 1981. In 2018, there were 9,006 clinical isolates of gonococci from public and private sector sources tested for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility by standardised methods. This was the highest annual total of isolates tested since the inception of the AGSP. The current treatment recommendation for gonorrhoea, for the majority of Australia, remains dual therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin. Decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ≥0.06 mg/L) was found nationally in 1.73% of isolates. The highest proportions were reported from Tasmania and non-remote Western Australia (7.3% and 2.1% respectively). In 2018 two extensively drug-resistant isolates were reported from Queensland patients. These two isolates, with ceftriaxone MIC values of 0.50 mg/L, high-level resistance to azithromycin (MIC ≥ 256 mg/L), and resistance to penicillin and ciprofloxacin were identified and reported to the World Health Organization as isolates of international significance. Resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥1.0 mg/L) was found nationally in 6.2% of isolates, lower than the 9.3% reported in 2017, but more than double the proportion reported in 2015 (2.6%). The highest proportions were reported from the Australian Capital Territory (8.7%), Victoria (8.3%), and New South Wales (6.5%). High-level resistance to azithromycin (MIC value ≥256 mg/L) was reported in nine isolates nationally in 2018: four from New South Wales, three from Victoria, and two from Queensland. The proportion of isolates resistant to penicillin in non-remote Australia ranged from 8.8% in non-remote Northern Territory to 44.1% in South Australia. In remote Northern Territory penicillin resistance rates remain low (1.9%), and higher in remote Western Australia (6.5%). The proportion of isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin in non-remote Australia ranged from 10.3% in non-remote Northern Territory to 48.3% in South Australia. Ciprofloxacin resistance rates remain comparatively low in remote Northern Territory (1.9%) and remote Western Australia (4.6%).

scholarly journals Mutations in TAC1B: a novel genetic determinant of clinical fluconazole resistance in C. auris

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Rybak ◽  
José F. Muñoz ◽  
Katherine S. Barker ◽  
Josie E. Parker ◽  
Brooke D. Esquivel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Clinical Isolate ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Genetic Determinant ◽  
Candida Auris ◽  
Fluconazole Resistance ◽  
Fluconazole Resistant

ABSTRACTCandida auris has emerged as a multidrug-resistant pathogen of great clinical concern. Approximately 90% of clinical C. auris isolates are resistant to fluconazole, the most commonly prescribed antifungal agent, yet it remains unknown what mechanisms underpin this fluconazole resistance. To identify novel mechanisms contributing to fluconazole resistance in C. auris, the fluconazole-susceptible C. auris clinical isolate AR0387 was passaged in media supplemented with fluconazole to generate derivative strains which had acquired increased fluconazole resistance in vitro. Comparative analysis of comprehensive sterol profiles, [3H]-fluconazole uptake, sequencing of C. auris genes homologous to genes known to contribute to fluconazole resistance in other species of Candida, and the relative expression of C. auris ERG11, CDR1, and MDR1 were performed. All fluconazole-evolved derivative strains were found to have acquired mutations in the zinc-cluster transcription factor-encoding gene, TAC1B, and a corresponding increase in CDR1 expression relative to the parental clinical isolate, AR0387. Mutations in TAC1B were also identified in a set of 304 globally distributed C. auris clinical isolates representing each of the four major clades. Introduction of the most common mutation found among fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates of C. auris into the fluconazole-susceptible isolate AR0387, was confirmed to increase fluconazole resistance by 8-fold, and the correction of the same mutation in a fluconazole-resistant isolate, AR0390, decreased fluconazole MIC by 16-fold. Taken together, these data demonstrate that C. auris can rapidly acquire resistance to fluconazole in-vitro, and that mutations in TAC1B significantly contribute to clinical fluconazole resistance.IMPORTANCECandida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen of global concern, known to be responsible for outbreaks on six continents and commonly resistant to antifungals. While the vast majority of clinical C. auris isolates are highly resistant to fluconazole, an essential part of the available antifungal arsenal, very little is known about the mechanisms contributing to resistance. In this work, we show that mutations in the transcription factor TAC1B significantly contribute to clinical fluconazole resistance. These studies demonstrate that mutations in TAC1B can arise rapidly in vitro upon exposure to fluconazole, and that a multitude of resistance-associated TAC1B mutations are present among the majority of fluconazole-resistant C. auris isolates from a global collection and appear specific to a subset of lineages or clades. Thus, identification of this novel genetic determinant of resistance significantly adds to the understanding of clinical antifungal resistance in C. auris.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Methanol Leaf Extract of Citrus maxima against Clinical Isolates of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar ◽  
Arup Kumar Samanta ◽  
P. Roychoudhury ◽  
Honeysmita Das ◽  
Kalyan Sarma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
Citrus Maxima ◽  
Mic Value

Background: Mitigation process to curb the ever increasing problem of antimicrobial resistance through development of new class of antimicrobials is slow and costly affairs. Research on alternative to conventional antimicrobials using plant based products as good source of numerous phytochemicals have potential to cope up the antimicrobial resistance. The present study was formulated on detection of in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of methanol leaf extract of Citrus maxima against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: Leaves of Citrus maxima plants were collected from the campus of College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram and processed for preparation of methanol crude extract. The plant extracts were evaluated for their phytochemical and antioxidant properties using DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Twenty well characterized biofilm producing and multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from milk of mastitic cows from Mizoram were received from the cultural repository of the department. The plant extracts were subjected to determine their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against all the bacterial isolates including S. aureus (ATCC 29213) by in vitro agar well diffusion method and 96 well microtiter plate methods, respectively. The MIC value of the plant extracts were determined by microdilution method. Result: In the methanol leaf extract of C. maxima alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, tannin and phenol and flavonoids were detected by qualitative analysis. Saponin, protein, free amino acids, steroids and carbohydrates were not detected. The free radical scavenging potential of the extract was found to be 10.66±1.84% to 36.10±1.98%, which was comparatively lower than ascorbic acid (83.39±0.13% to 89.76±0.24%). A total of 8 (40.0%), 5 (25.0%) and 7 (35.0%) strains were recorded as weak, moderate and strong biofilm producer. Maximum antibacterial activity against standard culture was observed with the zone of inhibition of 18 mm at 200 mg/mL concentration and MIC value at 25 mg/mL. Maximum antimicrobial activities against clinical isolates were recorded with 11.8±1.13 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and MIC value at 25 mg/mL. The clinical isolates exhibited highest (85.94±1.00%) biofilm inhibition at 6.25 mg/mL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first-ever report on antibiofilm and antioxidative activities of C. maxima leaf extracts against any bacteria.

scholarly journals Susceptibilities of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Germany to Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Erythromycin, Clindamycin, and Tetracycline

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 2358-2361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jutta Wagner ◽  
Miriam Jabbusch ◽  
Martin Eisenblätter ◽  
Helmut Hahn ◽  
Constanze Wendt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Clonal Relationship ◽  
Resistance To Antibiotics ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Resistance ◽  
Relationship Of

ABSTRACT To elucidate Campylobacter jejuni resistance to antibiotics in Germany, MICs of ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline were determined (using agar dilution) for 144 clinical isolates. The data indicate a considerable ciprofloxacin resistance (45.1%) without a clonal relationship of the strains and a greater in vitro activity of moxifloxacin, erythromycin, and clindamycin.

In vitro Antibacterial Activities of New Fluoroquinolones against Clinical Isolates of Haemophilus influenzae with Ciprofloxacin-Resistance-Associated Alterations in GyrA and ParC

Chemotherapy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 265-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Yoshizumi ◽  
Yoshie Takahashi ◽  
Yoshinari Watanabe ◽  
Eiichi Okezaki ◽  
Yoshikazu Ishii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Resistance

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity ofSalvadora persicaL. (Miswak) Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Clinical Isolates

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Saeed Zayed Al-Ayed ◽  
Ahmed Morad Asaad ◽  
Mohamed Ansar Qureshi ◽  
Hany Goda Attia ◽  
Abduljabbar Hadi AlMarrani
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Salvadora Persica ◽  
Mic Value

Much effort has focused on examining the inhibitory effect ofSalvadora persica(miswak) on oral microorganisms, but information concerning its antibacterial activity against other human pathogens, particularly multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates, is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the in vitro antibacterial activities ofSalvadora persicaL. extracts against 10 MDR bacterial clinical isolates other than oral pathogens. The antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol miswak extracts was assessed using the agar dilution and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. Overall, the 400 mg/mL of miswak extract was the most effective on all strains. The methanol extract exhibited a stronger antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (3.3–13.6 mm) than Gram-positive (1.8–8.3 mm) bacteria. The lowest MIC value was seen forE. coli(0.39, 1.56 µg/mL), followed byStreptococcus pyogenes(1.56 µg/mL). The highest MIC value (6.25, 12.5 µg/mL) was recorded for methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA),Acinetobacter baumannii, andStenotrophomonas maltophilia. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the moderate to strong antibacterial activity of miswak extracts against all tested MDR-pathogens. Methanol extract appears to be a potent antimicrobial agent that could be considered as complementary and alternative medicine against resistant pathogens. Further studies on a large number of MDR organisms are necessary to investigate and standardize the inhibitory effect of miswak extracts against these emerging pathogens.

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