Some Infections May Be Endogenous

This paper advances a previous hypothesis “Human body may produces bacteria”, and proposes that some infections may be endogenous. It has been demonstrated that the Christensenellaceae, a family in the phylum Firmicutes, is heritable suggesting that human genetic material and gut bacterial material are related and human cells may generate some gut microbes It has also been shown that the fetus is exposed to bacteria prior to birth -without any evidence that they are contaminants or acquired from the environment -suggesting a possible endogenous origin of bacteria in breast milk, meconium, placenta , umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid. Malassezia yeasts are not contagious, not culturable from the environment, cannot colonize human skin by inoculation without occlusion and neonate skin is free of Malassezia but is colonized in the first month of life suggesting that they may be endogenous. Human stem cells seem to be the most likely candidates to produce microbes: This is because they differentiate to epithelial cells and cancer cells and contain the essentials to transform to microorganisms. Future experimental studies are necessary to validate this hypothesis which may offer a new paradigm to combat opportunistic infections of possible endogenous origin.

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Amniotic Fluid Cells, Stem Cells, and p53: Can We Stereotype p53 Functions?

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20092236 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 2236 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Melissa Rodrigues ◽

Christine Blattner ◽

Liborio Stuppia

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Amniotic Fluid ◽

Adult Stem Cells ◽

Tumor Formation ◽

Human Stem Cells ◽

Human Amniotic Fluid ◽

Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

High Proliferation Rate ◽

Alternative Sources

In recent years, great interest has been devoted to finding alternative sources for human stem cells which can be easily isolated, ideally without raising ethical objections. These stem cells should furthermore have a high proliferation rate and the ability to differentiate into all three germ layers. Amniotic fluid, ordinarily discarded as medical waste, is potentially such a novel source of stem cells, and these amniotic fluid derived stem cells are currently gaining a lot of attention. However, further information will be required about the properties of these cells before they can be used for therapeutic purposes. For example, the risk of tumor formation after cell transplantation needs to be explored. The tumor suppressor protein p53, well known for its activity in controlling Cell Prolif.eration and cell death in differentiated cells, has more recently been found to be also active in amniotic fluid stem cells. In this review, we summarize the major findings about human amniotic fluid stem cells since their discovery, followed by a brief overview of the important role played by p53 in embryonic and adult stem cells. In addition, we explore what is known about p53 in amniotic fluid stem cells to date, and emphasize the need to investigate its role, particularly in the context of cell tumorigenicity.

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Amniotic fluid, an effective factor for umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells in cell culture: An approach for bone marrow transplantation

Transfusion and Apheresis Science ◽

10.1016/j.transci.2019.01.001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 169-173

Author(s):

Tayebe Torabi ◽

Saeid Abroun

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Cell Culture ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Bone Marrow Transplantation ◽

Amniotic Fluid ◽

Cord Blood ◽

Umbilical Cord Blood ◽

Marrow Transplantation ◽

Hematopoietic Stem ◽

Effective Factor

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Biological fate of methenamine in man: Absorption, renal excretion and passage to umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid and breast milk

Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica ◽

10.3109/00016347909154051 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 287-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Lars-Göran Allgén ◽

Göran Holmberg ◽

Birgitta Persson ◽

Bo Sörbo

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Amniotic Fluid ◽

Cord Blood ◽

Umbilical Cord ◽

Umbilical Cord Blood ◽

Renal Excretion ◽

Biological Fate

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Isolation, characterization and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood and Wharton's jelly in the horse

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-10-0408 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 143 (4) ◽

pp. 455-468 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Eleonora Iacono ◽

Lara Brunori ◽

Alessandro Pirrone ◽

Pasquale Paolo Pagliaro ◽

Francesca Ricci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Amniotic Fluid ◽

Cord Blood ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Umbilical Cord ◽

Umbilical Cord Blood ◽

Wharton’S Jelly ◽

Blue Staining ◽

Wharton's Jelly

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been derived from multiple sources of the horse including umbilical cord blood (UCB) and amnion. This work aimed to identify and characterize stem cells from equine amniotic fluid (AF), CB and Wharton's Jelly (WJ). Samples were obtained from 13 mares at labour. AF and CB cells were isolated by centrifugation, while WJ was prepared by incubating with an enzymatic solution for 2 h. All cell lines were cultured in DMEM/TCM199 plus fetal bovine serum. Fibroblast-like cells were observed in 7/10 (70%) AF, 6/8 (75%) CB and 8/12 (66.7%) WJ samples. Statistically significant differences were found between cell-doubling times (DTs): cells isolated from WJ expanded more rapidly (2.0±0.6 days) than those isolated from CB (2.6±1.3 days) and AF (2.3±1.0 days) (P<0.05). Positive von Kossa and Alizarin Red S staining confirmed osteogenesis. Alcian Blue staining of matrix glycosaminoglycans illustrated chondrogenesis and positive Oil Red O lipid droplets staining suggested adipogenesis. All cell lines isolated were positive for CD90, CD44, CD105; and negative for CD34, CD14 and CD45. These findings suggest that equine MSCs from AF, UCB and WJ appeared to be a readily obtainable and highly proliferative cell lines from a uninvasive source that may represent a good model system for stem cell biology and cellular therapy applications in horses. However, to assess their use as an allogenic cell source, further studies are needed for evaluating the expression of markers related to cell immunogenicity.

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Nuclear Nox4 Role in Stemness Power of Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2015/101304 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Tullia Maraldi ◽

Marianna Guida ◽

Manuela Zavatti ◽

Elisa Resca ◽

Laura Bertoni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Transcription Factors ◽

Amniotic Fluid ◽

Human Stem Cells ◽

Human Amniotic Fluid ◽

Differentiation Potential ◽

Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells ◽

Target Molecules ◽

Cellular Compartments

Human amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC) are an attractive source for cell therapy due to their multilineage differentiation potential and accessibility advantages. However the clinical application of human stem cells largely depends on their capacity to expandin vitro, since there is an extensive donor-to-donor heterogeneity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular oxidative stress are involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes of stem cells, including pluripotency, proliferation, differentiation, and stress resistance. The mode of action of ROS is also dependent on the localization of their target molecules. Thus, the modifications induced by ROS can be separated depending on the cellular compartments they affect. NAD(P)H oxidase family, particularly Nox4, has been known to produce ROS in the nucleus. In the present study we show that Nox4 nuclear expression (nNox4) depends on the donor and it correlates with the expression of transcription factors involved in stemness regulation, such as Oct4, SSEA-4, and Sox2. Moreover nNox4 is linked with the nuclear localization of redox sensitive transcription factors, as Nrf2 and NF-κB, and with the differentiation potential. Taken together, these results suggest that nNox4 regulation may have important effects in stem cell capability through modulation of transcription factors and DNA damage.

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Proteomic profiling of human stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications ◽

10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.044 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 328 (4) ◽

pp. 968-972 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Christoph Zenzmaier ◽

Bernd Gesslbauer ◽

Nina Grobuschek ◽

Anita Jandrositz ◽

Karl-Heinz Preisegger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Cord Blood ◽

Umbilical Cord ◽

Umbilical Cord Blood ◽

Human Stem Cells ◽

Proteomic Profiling

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Infections Independent of Contamination: From Organic Matter, Evolution or Stem Cells

Applied Cell Biology ◽

10.53043/2320-1991.acb90010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Alen J Salerian

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Human Stem Cells ◽

A Cell ◽

Human Infections ◽

Human Flora ◽

Diverse Data ◽

Micro Organisms

This study presents evidence to propose that some human infections may derive Independent of contamination by invading pathogens. Diverse data suggest multiple pathways Independent of contamination may generate human infections. For instance, the first microorganisms that emerged from lifeless organic matter 3.6 billion years ago indicated transformation of lifeless organic matter to micro organisms. Viral infections do correspondent to a lifeless protein particle in a cell of a complex multi- cellular organism reproducing and spreading infections to other complex multi- cellular organisms. Some microbes -such as pseudomonas aeruginosa with a larger genome and greater functional complexity than common bacteria -may evolve from human flora as observed in mammalian decomposition in sterile soil. For, decomposer species are not foreign Invaders from the environment and they represent evolution of common microorganisms during mammalian decomposition. Human cells may produce microorganisms consistent with a proven genetic link between humans cells and the Christensenellaceae (a family in the phylum Firmicutes). Human stem cells which are capable to differentiate to epithelial cells and cancer and have the essentials to produce microbes are the most likely candidates to produce microorganisms. What may be almost certain and not experimentally validated is the possibility that infections have multiple pathways of origin independent of contamination. Most nosocomial and opportunistic infections may be endogenous. Our knowledge may demolish the dogma of contamination by foreign microbes as the exclusive source of infections and pave novel avenues to prevent and treat diverse infections.

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