Hepatitis A

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khrystyna Hrynkevych ◽  
Heinz-Josef Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Causal Treatment ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a single-stranded “nonenveloped” RNA virus in the picornaviridae family. HAV is most often transmitted by the fecal-oral route, but also by contaminated food, water, sexual contact, and intravenous drug use. HAV causes little if any symptoms in the very young. Disease symptoms from liver damage become more frequent in older ages and even fulminant liver failure with death is observed in the elderly. Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not cause chronic liver disease. With lack of sanitation and hygiene, HAV infection occurs early in life inducing life-long protection, whereas in countries with good sanitation and hygiene, infections are seen later in life and are more severe. There is no causal treatment, but available vaccines are well tolerated, have an excellent safety profile and are highly effective with long-lasting protection after 2 doses. Hepatitis A vaccines can be used for pre- as well as for post-exposure prophylaxis and for individual as well as for population protection. Vaccinating a small fraction of the population (3%) – i.e., children aged 1–4 years serving as the reservoir and source of HAV – resulted in herd protection with 96% disease reduction in the whole population of Israel.

scholarly journals un Identification of enteric viruses from raw water using fluoro-immuno-magnetic separation coupled to RT-PCR

Biomédica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Villamizar ◽  
Dioselina Peláez-Carvajal ◽  
Luis Felipe Acero
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Contaminated Food

Introduction: Enteric viruses have been associated with the production of a variety of diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route, carried through contaminated food and water. Given their structure and composition, they are highly resistant to environmental conditions and most of the chemical agents used in the purification processes. Therefore, a systematic monitoring of raw water is necessary to ensure its quality, especially, when it is used as feedstock for the production of drinking water for human consumption. Objective: In the present work the presence of Rotavirus and Hepatitis A Virus was identified by means of the fluoro-immuno-magnetic separation technique (FIMS) in raw water taken from four purification plants in the Norte de Santander department including their water supplies. Materials and methodos: The viruses were captured and separated from the water samples, using magnetic microparticles functionalized with monoclonal anti-Hepatitis A and anti-Rotavirus antibodies. Confocal microscopy was used to monitor the viral concentration process and transmission electron microscopy for morphological visualization of the separated viruses. The reverse transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to confirm the presence of pathogens. Results: The two enteric viruses were identified in most of the analyzed water samples, including their water supply sources. Conclusion: It was possible to determine that the FIMS technique coupled to RT-PCR is highly effective technique in the detection of viral pathogens, in complex matrices such as raw water.

scholarly journals Declining hepatitis A seroprevalence: a global review and analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 1005-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. JACOBSEN ◽  
J. S. KOOPMAN
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Water Quality And Quantity

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is spread by faecal–oral contact or ingestion of contaminated food or water. Lifelong immunity is conferred by infection or vaccination, so anti-HAV seroprevalence studies can be used to indicate which populations are susceptible to infection. Seroprevalence rates are highly correlated with socioeconomic status and access to clean water and sanitation. Increasing household income, education, water quality and quantity, sanitation, and hygiene leads to decreases in HAV prevalence. Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, and most European nations have low anti-HAV rates. Although anti-HAV rates remain high in most Latin American, Asian, and Middle Eastern nations, average seroprevalence rates are declining. Surveys from Africa generally indicate no significant decline in anti-HAV rates. Because the severity of illness increases with age, populations with a high proportion of susceptible adults should consider targeted vaccination programmes.

scholarly journals Seasonal variation of hepatitis A virus infection in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 289-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia Melo VILLAR ◽  
Vanessa Salete DE PAULA ◽  
Ana Maria Coimbra GASPAR
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
National Reference Center ◽  
The City

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection constitutes a major public health problem in Brazil. The transmission of HAV is primarily by fecal-oral route so the water is an important vehicle of HAV dissemination. There is a great incidence of acute cases of hepatitis A in some areas of Brazil however the seasonal variation of these cases was not documented. The aim of this study was to determine the seasonality of HAV infection in Rio de Janeiro. From January 1999 to December 2001, 1731 blood samples were collected at the National Reference Center for Hepatitis Viruses in Brazil (NRCHV). These samples were tested by a commercial enzyme-immunoassay to detect anti-HAV IgM antibodies. Yearly positive rates were 33.74% in 1999, 32.19% in 2000, and 30.63% in 2001. A seasonal variation was recognized with the highest incidence in spring and summer. Furthermore a seasonal increase in incidence of HAV infection was found during the rainy season (December to March) because the index of rains is very high. It is concluded that HAV infections occur all year round with a peak during hot seasons with great number of rains.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccination as post-exposure prophylaxis

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignasi Parrón ◽  
Caritat Planas ◽  
Pere Godoy ◽  
Sandra Manzanares-Laya ◽  
Ana Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

High time to prioritize rabies prevention—a new paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Steffen ◽  
Davidson H Hamer
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
High Time ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Rabies Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Rabies Prevention

Almost 500 patients consulted a GeoSentinel clinic annually for post-exposure prophylaxis after a potential rabies exposure as compared to approximately 20 for hepatitis A and 40 for typhoid fever. Travellers’ response after potential rabies exposure is alarmingly inadequate. Thus, rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis should now become the #1 travel vaccine intervention.

scholarly journals Prevalence of hepatitis A virus antibodies in Central-Eastern Poland – a comparative study (1990-2012)

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Pachnia ◽  
Dorota Polz-Gruszka ◽  
Pawel Macielag ◽  
Malgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
Central Eastern

Abstract Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an hepatotropic human picornavirus that is associated only with acute infection of liver. This pathogen is mainly transmitted through the faecal-oral route, by person-to-person contact, and also contaminated drinking water and food. This reserach presenting the comparative seroepidemiological study (1990/1999/2012) on HAV infection was carried out in population from south-eastern Poland. Anti-HAV was tested in 613 subjects from 0 to over 60 years of age and the results were compared with those observed in 1990 and 1989/99. We also analyzed the number of vaccinations in the past decade and their role in preventing disease.

Hepatitis A-Virus-Infektion

Praxis ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 92 (40) ◽  
pp. 1659-1673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siegl
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Rna Virus

Die Hepatitis A wird durch das Hepatitis A-Virus verursacht, ein kleines, ausgesprochen umweltresistentes RNA-Virus, das als Schmutz- und Schmierinfektion übertragen wird, und sich offensichtlich ausschliesslich in der Leber vermehrt. Die dabei ausgelöste Schädigung der Leber ist wahrscheinlich auf eine zellvermittelte Immunreaktion zurückzuführen. Die Infektion ist selbstlimitierend, kann in Einzelfällen zwar lange andauern, wird aber nie chronisch. Das Virus ist weltweit verbreitet und infiziert in Ländern mit schlechten sanitären Verhältnissen praktisch 100% der Bevölkerung im Kindesalter. In diesem Alter verläuft die Infektion weitgehend symptomlos, die Infizierten entwickeln dabei aber eine lebenslang anhaltende Immunität. In der Schweiz und anderen Ländern der industrialisierten Welt ist das HAV aus der Zirkulation in der Bevölkerung weitgehend verschwunden. Infektionen treten meist erst im Erwachsenenalter auf, nach Reisen in Endemiegebiete oder nach direktem Kontakt mit infizierten Personen. Sie verlaufen mit zunehmendem Alter vermehrt apparent und schwer, in Einzelfällen sogar fulminant und tödlich. Zum Schutz vor der Hepatitis A gibt es seit rund zehn Jahren eine gutverträgliche Impfung, die einen mindestens 20 Jahre, wahrscheinlich aber sogar lebenslänglich anhaltenden Immunschutz auslöst.

Does hepatitis a pose a significant health risk to recreational water users?

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Gammie ◽  
A. P. Wyn-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Recreational Water ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
The Uk

In recent years recreational water use in the UK has increased dramatically and it has been estimated that more than twenty million people use the British coastline annually. In addition, there has been a marked increase in the number of people who use inland water e.g. lakes, reservoirs, rivers and canals. The ready availability of the wet suit has altered the public use of recreational water in several ways in the UK. Longer periods of immersion are now becoming normal with year-round activity now common not just during the accepted bathing season of May-September. Further factors that raise the importance of health implications are the growth of sports which involve intimate contact with water: surfing, windsurfing and boogie boarding. The raised public awareness of environmental issues in general makes health risk assessment a prime concern. Hepatitis A virus infection is transmitted by the faecal-oral route and this study compares two groups of water users, surfers and inland windsurfers. Saliva samples were tested for total antibody to hepatitis A as this indicates the immune status of the individual. All participants completed a questionnaire that elicited concomitant risk factors for previous exposure to hepatitis A. A calculated Odds Ratio of 3.03 and a Chi square of 5.3 with a probability of P = 0.02 was obtained when the non-immunised surfers were compared with the non-immunised windsurfers. This shows a statistical correlation between surfing and exposure to hepatitis A virus. It is recommended that surfers should be offered vaccination in order that they are protected from the risk of acquiring hepatitis A. They should also be given the opportunity to make a considered decision about the risks of acquiring hepatitis A recreationally.

scholarly journals Hepatitis A vaccination for post-exposure prophylaxis in persons aged 40 years and older

Vaccine ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (25) ◽  
pp. 2939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noele P. Nelson ◽  
Trudy V. Murphy ◽  
Brian J. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Post Exposure ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

scholarly journals Molecular Evolution of Hepatitis A Virus: a New Classification Based on the Complete VP1 Protein

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (18) ◽  
pp. 9516-9525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Costa-Mattioli ◽  
Juan Cristina ◽  
Héctor Romero ◽  
Raoul Perez-Bercof ◽  
Didier Casane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Vp1 Gene ◽  
Antigenic Variant ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Novel Variant

ABSTRACT Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus in the genus Hepatovirus in the family Picornaviridae. So far, analysis of the genetic variability of HAV has been based on two discrete regions, the VP1/2A junction and the VP1 N terminus. In this report, we determined the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the complete VP1 gene of 81 strains from France, Kosovo, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay and compared them with the sequences of seven strains of HAV isolated elsewhere. Overall strain variation in the complete VP1 gene was found to be as high as 23.7% at the nucleotide level and 10.5% at the amino acid level. Different phylogenetic methods revealed that HAV sequences form five distinct and well-supported genetic lineages. Within these lineages, HAV sequences clustered by geographical origin only for European strains. The analysis of the complete VP1 gene allowed insight into the mode of evolution of HAV and revealed the emergence of a novel variant with a 15-amino-acid deletion located on the VP1 region where neutralization escape mutations were found. This could be the first antigenic variant of HAV so far identified.

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