scholarly journals Correlations between the slip resistance and surface roughness of ceramic floor tiles

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. e4410413865
Author(s):  
Ana Virgínia Lot ◽  
Ana Paula Margarido Menegazzo ◽  
Camila Tavares Brasileiro ◽  
Fábio Gomes Melchiades ◽  
Anselmo Ortega Boschi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Roughness Parameter ◽  
Surface Profile ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Ceramic Floor ◽  
Surface Finishes ◽  
Slip Resistance ◽  
Floor Tiles ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Unit Of Length

The characteristics of the floor surface profile are one of the factors that can be responsible for slip and fall accidents. To reduce the incidence of these accidents, it is essential to identify the profile features necessary for floor covering materials to be suitable for slipping risk areas. The objective of the present work was to investigate correlations between the slip resistance and the surface roughness of ceramic floor tiles. The slip resistance and the surface roughness of commercial ceramic tiles, with a diversity of surface finishes, were characterized by the pendulum method and contact profilometry, respectively. It was concluded that the presence of a large number of sharp peaks per unit of length of the profile is required for high slip resistance ceramic tiles. It was also found that the presence of waviness contributes to increasing the floors slip resistance even more. Through regression analysis, a good correlation between the pendulum results and the roughness parameter Ra was found.

scholarly journals Effect of pedestrian traffic on the slip resistance and visual appearance of ceramic floor tiles

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. e51610414425
Author(s):  
Ana Virgínia Lot ◽  
Ana Paula Margarido Menegazzo ◽  
Camila Tavares Brasileiro ◽  
Fábio Gomes Melchiades ◽  
Anselmo Ortega Boschi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Surface Profile ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Ceramic Floor ◽  
Slip Resistance ◽  
Floor Tiles ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic ◽  
Profile Characteristics

The increase of surface roughness is a common measure for improving the slip resistance of floors. Nevertheless, the surface roughness of the floors can wear out during the use. Furthermore, rough surfaces can be susceptible to dirt accumulation. As a consequence, during the use, the original slip resistance and visual appearance of the floors can be deteriorated. In this scenario, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of pedestrian traffic on the surface profile, slip resistance and visual appearance of commercial ceramic floor tiles. The surface profile (contact profilometer), slip resistance (pendulum method) and visual appearance (visual analysis) of different commercial ceramic floors were evaluated before and after their exposure to heavy pedestrian traffic, and the results were compared. Significant reductions of the sharpness and height of profile peaks of the surfaces, due to mechanical wear, were observed. Consequently, for all the surfaces which initially presented satisfactory slip resistance for use in slipping risk areas, this property was reduced to unsafe levels. The degree of dirt accumulation, and the consequent visual appearance deterioration, varied according to the profile characteristics of the studied floors. The best cleaning performances were found for surfaces with more spaced irregularities and wider profile valleys.

Improved Slip-Resistance on Oil from Surface Roughness of Footwear

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Manning ◽  
C. Jones ◽  
M. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Surface Texture ◽  
Cellular Structure ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Slip Resistance ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Friction Measurements ◽  
Single Material

Abstract This appears 10 be the first published investigation of friction measurements throughout the useful lives of footwear, and the changing patterns of slip-resistance found justify this approach. The polishing effect of walking on some surfaces needs further investigation, and there should now be an evaluation of friction relative to surface texture of soles and heels. It may be possible to engineer a permanent surface roughness by varying composition and size of spaces in a cellular structure. Although it is unlikely that any single material will prove to be satisfactory for all types of floor hazards, our experience with polyurethane is encouraging. If it proves impossible to find a single material giving adequate slip-resistance on wet or icy pavements, wet PVC tiles, ceramic tiles contaminated with grease and water, and factory floors contaminated with oil, then materials should be specified for each type of hazard.

scholarly journals Ceramic Floor Tiles from the Excavation at Sobornaya Square in Tver (Based on Researching of 2013–2014)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
И.А. САФАРОВА ◽  
Л.А. БЕЛЯЕВ ◽  
А.Н. ХОХЛОВ
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Technological Characteristics ◽  
Ceramic Floor ◽  
Floor Tiles

В статье представлены результаты исследований коллекции керамических плиток пола, полученной при раскопках на месте тверского Спасо-Преображенского собора 1285 года. Проведен анализ морфологических и технологических признаков, реконструирована технология изготовления изделий, выделены типы плиток, установлена хронология находок. Полученные результаты позволили установить отдельные этапы использования в интерьере собора керамических плиток и реконструировать их разновременные наборы. Среди обнаруженных находок удалось выделить плитки XIII в., относящиеся к дособорному деревянному храму – церкви Козьмы и Демьяна. The report deals with research results of ceramic floor tiles collection found during the excavation at the site of non-existent nowadays Transfiguration of the Savior Cathedral built in 1285. The collection was analyzed by its morphological and technological characteristics. Tiles manufacturing technology was reconstructed and they were classified by types and according to finding chronology. These results made it possible to outline separate periods during which ceramic tiles were used as part of the Cathedral interior and reconstruct tiles sets of different periods. There were tiles of the XIII century among these findings which are related to earlier wooden Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian.

Influence of Surface Roughness Effects on the Lubrication Performance of External Gear Machines

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Thiagarajan ◽  
Andrea Bratto ◽  
Andrea Vacca
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Surface Profile ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gap Model ◽  
Roughness Effects ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
Surface Finishes ◽  
Lubrication Performance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

In pressure compensated external gear machines (EGMs), lateral lubricating interfaces exist between floating lateral bushings and gears. These interfaces are primarily responsible for supporting the high pressure bearing loads in these gaps and promoting good operating efficiencies of these units. A fully coupled fluid-structure-thermal interaction lateral gap model has been developed previously in the authors’ research team which considers this highly coupled physical phenomena to predict the lubrication performance of the interface under full film as well as mixed film conditions. In the current work, capabilities of the lateral gap model are utilized in studying the impact of the variations in surface finishes on the performance of a commercially available EGM chosen for this study. Lateral plate designs of varying surface roughness are chosen for the same EGM unit, to analyze their influence on the lubricating performance of the unit. Detailed surface profile measurements were carried out on these lateral plates under study to determine precise inputs to the lateral gap model. Resulting numerical simulations from the gap model over different operating conditions are used to examine the significant performance features associated with the lateral interface which are affected by such surface variations. Furthermore, the paper compares the simulated leakages obtained directly from the lateral gap model for each of the lateral plate designs, with corresponding experimental data over a wide range of operating conditions.

Multiple Aspects of Comparing Surface Properties of Ceramic Tiles Regarding Slip Resistance

2016 ◽  
Vol 861 ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Terjek
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Affecting Factors ◽  
Roughness Parameters ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Surface Conditions ◽  
Cleaning Agents ◽  
Slip Resistance ◽  
Resistance Tests

The objective of this study was to determine the affecting factors that can possibly change slipperiness of flooring. Laboratory slip resistance tests were conducted under different surface conditions. Two different methods were used to measure 6 different ceramic tiles. This article has its focus mainly on the required security and its quantification during the service life of floor coverings. Slip resistance of ceramic tiling can change with use. It is worth to investigate the effect of cleaning agents on slipperiness of floors, because it could be more dangerous when the cleaning process is in progress, so the surface is still in wet state or partly covered by liquid. This paper makes a comparative analysis on the different measurement methods and sliders that rub against the surface. In case of public and residential buildings slip resistance and surface roughness associated with cleanability, all have influence on safety in use and durability. The results showed that the perceived surface roughness parameters could be used as indicator of slipperiness and supplement objective measurement of this performance.

scholarly journals Argentina – Ceramic Tiles: Argentina – Definitive Anti-dumping Measures on Imports of Ceramic Floor Tiles from Italy

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (S1) ◽  
pp. 155-169
Author(s):  
Robert Howse ◽  
Damien J. Neven
Keyword(s):  
Lower Price ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Ceramic Floor ◽  
Floor Tiles ◽  
Strong Statement

The WTO rules on dumping and anti-dumping reflect a political bargain, negotiated in the context of a fundamental normative dissensus as to whether dumping is a “wrong” practice and why.In the GATT, there is an apparently strong statement against dumping, which can be defined as the sale of a product in the country of importation at a lower price than in the country of exportation, or at below cost. Dumping, the GATT says, is to be “condemned.” However, this is immediately followed by the qualification “if it causes or threatens material injury to an established industry in the territory of a contracting party or materially retards the establishment of a domestic injury”(Article VI.1: emphasis added).

An Enhanced End Milling Surface Texture Model Including the Effects of Radial Rake and Primary Relief Angles

1994 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Melkote ◽  
A. R. Thangaraj
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Surface Texture ◽  
End Milling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Roughness Parameter ◽  
Surface Profile ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Machined Surface ◽  
Texture Model ◽  
Parameter Values

An enhanced surface texture model for predicting the two- and three-dimensional structure of the surface generated by the end cutting edges on the bottom of an end mill is presented. This model includes the effects of the radial rake and the primary end tooth relief angles which have been neglected in the models available to date. Non-ideal effects such as cutter runout and back-cutting are explicitly modeled. An algorithm to simulate the two- and three-dimensional milled surface is presented. It is shown that the main effect of the radial rake and the primary end tooth relief angles is to increase the surface roughness parameter values. The effectiveness of the enhanced model in accurately capturing the major features of the machined surface texture and in closely predicting the roughness parameter values is demonstrated through experiments and model simulations. It is shown that the enhanced model predicts both the shape of the surface profile and the surface roughness parameters more accurately than the existing models in the literature.

Studies of Shannon Entropy Evolution due to Self-Organization During the Running-In

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Mortazavi ◽  
Pradeep L. Menezes ◽  
Michael Nosonovsky
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Shannon Entropy ◽  
Steel Plate ◽  
Roughness Parameter ◽  
Surface Profile ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Optical Profilometer

When frictional sliding is initiated, the coefficient of friction is often high during the initial transient running-in process. After that, the coefficient of friction reaches its stationary value. Running-in is interpreted as friction-induced self-organization stage in that two sliding surfaces adjust to each other due to surface roughness evolution. Shannon entropy was proposed as a surface roughness parameter, and its decrease can be used as a simple test for self-organization. Sliding experiments were conducted on the hard steel plate using a soft Al-Mg alloy pin under both dry and lubricated conditions. Based on the results of the surface profile evolution, obtained by an optical profilometer, during running-in, we discuss change of Shannon entropy for various surface textures. Various textures which are characterized in terms of roughness parameters were produced on the steel plates. We compare how self-organization occurs for different textures during running-in stage.

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