Multiple Aspects of Comparing Surface Properties of Ceramic Tiles Regarding Slip Resistance

The objective of this study was to determine the affecting factors that can possibly change slipperiness of flooring. Laboratory slip resistance tests were conducted under different surface conditions. Two different methods were used to measure 6 different ceramic tiles. This article has its focus mainly on the required security and its quantification during the service life of floor coverings. Slip resistance of ceramic tiling can change with use. It is worth to investigate the effect of cleaning agents on slipperiness of floors, because it could be more dangerous when the cleaning process is in progress, so the surface is still in wet state or partly covered by liquid. This paper makes a comparative analysis on the different measurement methods and sliders that rub against the surface. In case of public and residential buildings slip resistance and surface roughness associated with cleanability, all have influence on safety in use and durability. The results showed that the perceived surface roughness parameters could be used as indicator of slipperiness and supplement objective measurement of this performance.

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What Makes a Floor Slippery? A Brief Experimental Study of Ceramic Tiles Slip Resistance Depending on Their Properties and Surface Conditions

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14227064 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (22) ◽

pp. 7064

Author(s):

Ewa Sudoł ◽

Marcin Małek ◽

Mateusz Jackowski ◽

Marcin Czarnecki ◽

Cezary Strąk

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Surface Roughness ◽

Experimental Measurements ◽

Ceramic Tiles ◽

Main Determinant ◽

Surface Conditions ◽

Slip Resistance ◽

Dry Conditions ◽

Value Of It ◽

The Relationship

The safety of the use of construction facilities should be a priority in today’s busy world, where it is not difficult to get involved in an accident. Most of them, due to the pace at which we live today, are caused by slips, trips, and falls. This work presents a detailed analysis of the resistance of ceramic floors to these events, taking into account the surface properties and conditions (dry/wet), which, as presented, have a significant impact on the final slip resistance values. This study also investigates the relationship between surface roughness and anti-slip properties. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the surface roughness is not the main determinant of slip resistance, and the final value of it is influenced by many components that should be considered together and not be neglected when designing the surface finish. Furthermore, based on experimental measurements, it can be noted that the highest slip resistance in both wet and dry conditions showed the unglazed tiles with lapatto finish and the glazed tiles without any extra finish.

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Effect of Surface Roughness on Slip Resistance of Rubber

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1538 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 189-193 ◽

pp. 1538-1542

Author(s):

Li Xiao Jia ◽

Yong Zhen Zhang ◽

Yong Ping Niu ◽

San Ming Du ◽

Jian Li

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Roughness Parameters ◽

Test Conditions ◽

Slip Resistance ◽

Materials Used ◽

Almost All ◽

Effect Of Surface

In order to decrease accidents of slips and falls, COFs of rubber samples with different surface roughness were measured by Brungraber Mark II. And the correlation coefficients between roughness parameters and COF were calculated. The rusults have shown that the COF increases with surface roughness and the correlation coefficient between Sq and COF is highest. In general, almost all the roughness parameters used in the study have high correlation with COF. Parameters had the highest correlation with COF depends on the materials used and test conditions.

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Improved Slip-Resistance on Oil from Surface Roughness of Footwear

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3538150 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 703-717 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

D. P. Manning ◽

C. Jones ◽

M. Bruce

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Surface Texture ◽

Cellular Structure ◽

Ceramic Tiles ◽

Slip Resistance ◽

Changing Patterns ◽

Friction Measurements ◽

Single Material

Abstract This appears 10 be the first published investigation of friction measurements throughout the useful lives of footwear, and the changing patterns of slip-resistance found justify this approach. The polishing effect of walking on some surfaces needs further investigation, and there should now be an evaluation of friction relative to surface texture of soles and heels. It may be possible to engineer a permanent surface roughness by varying composition and size of spaces in a cellular structure. Although it is unlikely that any single material will prove to be satisfactory for all types of floor hazards, our experience with polyurethane is encouraging. If it proves impossible to find a single material giving adequate slip-resistance on wet or icy pavements, wet PVC tiles, ceramic tiles contaminated with grease and water, and factory floors contaminated with oil, then materials should be specified for each type of hazard.

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Correlations between the slip resistance and surface roughness of ceramic floor tiles

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i4.13865 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. e4410413865

Author(s):

Ana Virgínia Lot ◽

Ana Paula Margarido Menegazzo ◽

Camila Tavares Brasileiro ◽

Fábio Gomes Melchiades ◽

Anselmo Ortega Boschi

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Roughness Parameter ◽

Surface Profile ◽

Ceramic Tiles ◽

Ceramic Floor ◽

Surface Finishes ◽

Slip Resistance ◽

Floor Tiles ◽

Risk Areas ◽

Unit Of Length

The characteristics of the floor surface profile are one of the factors that can be responsible for slip and fall accidents. To reduce the incidence of these accidents, it is essential to identify the profile features necessary for floor covering materials to be suitable for slipping risk areas. The objective of the present work was to investigate correlations between the slip resistance and the surface roughness of ceramic floor tiles. The slip resistance and the surface roughness of commercial ceramic tiles, with a diversity of surface finishes, were characterized by the pendulum method and contact profilometry, respectively. It was concluded that the presence of a large number of sharp peaks per unit of length of the profile is required for high slip resistance ceramic tiles. It was also found that the presence of waviness contributes to increasing the floors slip resistance even more. Through regression analysis, a good correlation between the pendulum results and the roughness parameter Ra was found.

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The Relationship between Roughness of Finished Wood Floors and Slip Resistance

Drvna industrija ◽

10.5552/drvind.2021.2009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 49-56

Author(s):

Josip Miklečić ◽

Vlatka Jirouš-Rajković

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Beech Wood ◽

Roughness Parameters ◽

Strong Negative Correlation ◽

Slip Resistance ◽

Wood Flooring ◽

Dry Conditions ◽

Dry Water ◽

The Relationship ◽

Roughness Measurements

The present study investigates the relationship between the roughness of beech wood and oak wood surfaces treated with oil and polyurethane coating and the slip resistance in dry, water-wet and oily conditions. Pendulum tests were conducted for slip resistance assessment, and roughness measurements were performed by stylus instrument using Ra, Rt, Rp, Rz and Rsm parameters for surface roughness evaluation. Slip potential in dry conditions was low for all finished wood floors studied. Contamination of the surface with water and oil reduced the slip resistance of finished oak and beech flooring. The strong negative correlation was found between slip resistance on dry finished flooring and roughness parameters Ra, Rz, Rt and Rp, and positive correlation between slip resistance on water-wet finished flooring and roughness parameters Ra, Rz, Rt and Rp. Moreover, the correlations between roughness parameters Ra, Rt, Rp and Rz and slip resistance were very similar, and the roughness parameters correlated more strongly with the slip resistance on dry and water-wet surfaces than with the slip resistance on oil-wet surface. Comparison of the slip potential classifications of finished wood floors based on pendulum data and based on Rz surface roughness parameters showed that in some cases the Rz parameter appeared to overestimate the slip potential of the floors in wet conditions. The results confirm previous research that roughness measurements should only be used as a guide and should not be used as the only indicator of the slip potential of wood flooring materials.

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Assessing the Functional Properties of TiZr Nanotubular Structures for Biomedical Applications, through Nano-Scratch Tests and Adhesion Force Maps

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26040900 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 900

Author(s):

Maria Vardaki ◽

Aida Pantazi ◽

Ioana Demetrescu ◽

Marius Enachescu

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Functional Properties ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Adhesion Force ◽

Roughness Parameters ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Atomic Force ◽

The Mean ◽

Scratch Tests

In this work we present the results of a functional properties assessment via Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)-based surface morphology, surface roughness, nano-scratch tests and adhesion force maps of TiZr-based nanotubular structures. The nanostructures have been electrochemically prepared in a glycerin + 15 vol.% H2O + 0.2 M NH4F electrolyte. The AFM topography images confirmed the successful preparation of the nanotubular coatings. The Root Mean Square (RMS) and average (Ra) roughness parameters increased after anodizing, while the mean adhesion force value decreased. The prepared nanocoatings exhibited a smaller mean scratch hardness value compared to the un-coated TiZr. However, the mean hardness (H) values of the coatings highlight their potential in having reliable mechanical resistances, which along with the significant increase of the surface roughness parameters, which could help in improving the osseointegration, and also with the important decrease of the mean adhesion force, which could lead to a reduction in bacterial adhesion, are providing the nanostructures with a great potential to be used as a better alternative for Ti implants in dentistry.

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