A SURVEY OF INFECTED TOMATO PLANTS BY ROOT- KNOT NEMATODES, MELOIDOGYNE SP. IN FATHEHABAD, AGRA (U.P.) INDIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
SANOJ KUMAR ◽  
BINDHYA CHAL YADAV ◽  
ATUL TIWARI
Keyword(s):  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Root Knot Nematodes ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Meloidogyne Sp

We have conducted survey of vegetable fields infested by root-knot nematodes on tomato plants from various regions of Uttar Pradesh. In this paper we are presenting the results of the survey conducted over more than two years in cropping season of tomato plants in Fatehabad. In our study we have examined more than 600 root samples to ascertain the nematode prevalence in a particular area. The purpose of this study is to access the distribution of rootknot nematodes and their incidence on tomato plants.

scholarly journals Trehalose induces tomato defenses and increases drought tolerance and bacterial wilt disease resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
April M MacIntyre ◽  
Valerian Meline ◽  
Zachary Gorman ◽  
Steven P Augustine ◽  
Carolyn J Dye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Bacterial Wilt Disease ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Use Efficiency

Ralstonia solanacearum causes plant bacterial wilt disease, leading to severe crop losses. Xylem sap from R. solanacearum-infected tomato is enriched in host produced trehalose. Water stressed plants accumulate the disaccharide trehalose, which increases drought tolerance via abscisic acid (ABA) signaling networks. Because infected plants have reduced water flow, we hypothesized that bacterial wilt physiologically mimics drought stress, which trehalose could mitigate. Transcriptomic responses of susceptible vs. resistant tomato plants to R. solanacearum infection revealed differential expression of drought-associated genes, including those involved in ABA and trehalose metabolism. ABA was enriched in xylem sap from R. solanacearum-infected plants. Treating roots with ABA lowered stomatal conductance and reduced R. solanacearum stem colonization. Treating roots with trehalose increased ABA in xylem sap and reduced plant water use by reducing stomatal conductance and temporarily improving water use efficiency. Further, trehalose-treated plants were more resistant to bacterial wilt disease. Trehalose treatment also upregulated expression of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defense genes, increased xylem sap levels of SA and other antimicrobial compounds, and increased wilt resistance of SA-insensitive NahG tomato plants. Additionally, trehalose treatment increased xylem concentrations of jasmonic acid and related oxylipins. Together, these data show that exogenous trehalose reduced both water stress and bacterial wilt disease and triggered systemic resistance. This suite of responses revealed unexpected linkages between plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress and suggests that that R. solanacearum-infected tomato plants produce more trehalose to improve water use efficiency and increase wilt disease resistance. In turn, R. solanacearum degrades trehalose as a counter-defense.

scholarly journals Secondary metabolites produced by endophytic bacteria against the Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne sp.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vina Maulidia ◽  
Loekas Soesanto ◽  
Syamsuddin Syamsuddin ◽  
Khairan Khairan ◽  
Takahiro Hamaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Meloidogyne Sp

Abstract. Maulidia V, Soesanto L, Syamsuddin, Khairan K, Hamaguchi T, Hasegawa K, Sriwati R. 2020. Secondary metabolites produced by endophytic bacteria against the Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne sp.). Biodiversitas 21: 5270-5275. Endophytic bacteria live and colonize in plant tissues without causing disease to their plant host. Among several processes, these bacteria can produce secondary metabolites that can help in the defense of plant host against pathogens. This study aimed to identify endophytic bacteria as biocontrol agents against Meloidogyne sp. in tomato plants. Six endophytic bacteria candidates from the genus Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, and Serratia were isolated from Solanum Lycopersicum, Psidium guajava, Pinus merkusii, Dendrocalamus asper, Albizia chinensis, and Theobroma cacao L, respectively. The average mortality of Meloidogyne sp. by endophytic bacteria was 70,27% to 95,46%. From these, B. thuringiensis AK08 produced compounds of the secondary metabolites such as flavonoid, phenol, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, and alkaloids. The best result of the average incubation period, number of galls in the root, number of nematodes at the root, and the number of nematodes in the soil on tomato plant were shown by B. thuringiensis. The major compounds in GC-MS analysis of B. thuringiensis were cholest-5-en-3-ol (3.beta.)-carbonochloridate (25.35%). Bacillus thuringiensis not only has rules as bio-insecticide but also has nematicidal effect.

scholarly journals Short communication: Pepino mosaic virus, a new threat for Serbia’s tomatoes

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. e10SC05
Author(s):  
Ivana Stankovic ◽  
Ana Vucurovic ◽  
Katarina Zecevic ◽  
Branka Petrovic ◽  
Danijela Ristic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Das Elisa

Aim of study: To report the occurrence of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) on tomato in Serbia and to genetically characterize Serbian PepMV isolates.Area of study: Tomato samples showing virus-like symptoms were collected in the Bogojevce locality (Jablanica District, Serbia).Material and methods: Collected tomato samples were assayed by DAS-ELISA using antisera against eight economically important or quarantine tomato viruses. Three selected isolates of naturally infected tomato plants were mechanically transmitted to tomato ‘Novosadski jabučar’ seedlings. For confirmation of PepMV infection, RT-PCR was performed using specific primers PepMV TGB F/PepMV UTR R. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed with 47 complete CP gene sequences of PepMV to determine the genetic relationship of Serbian PepMV isolates with those from other parts of the world.Main results: The results of DAS-ELISA indicated the presence of PepMV in all tested samples. Mechanically inoculated ‘Novosadski jabučar’ seedlings expressed yellow spots and light and dark green patches, bubbling, and curled leaves. All tested tomato plants were RT-PCR positive for the presence of PepMV. The CP sequence analysis revealed that the Serbian PepMV isolates were completely identical among themselves and shared the highest nucleotide identity of 95.1% (99.2% aa identity) with isolate from Spain (FJ263341). Phylogenetic analysis showed clustering of the Serbian PepMV isolates into CH2 strain, but they formed separate subgroup within CH2 strain.Research highlights: This is the first data of the presence of PepMV in protected tomato production in Serbia. Considering increased incidence and rapid spread in Europe, the presence of PepMV on tomato could therefore represent serious threat to this valuable crop in Serbia.

scholarly journals Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus, a New Begomovirus Species Causing a Severe Leaf Curl Disease of Tomato in Varanasi, India

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 1485-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Chakraborty ◽  
P. K. Pandey ◽  
M. K. Banerjee ◽  
G. Kalloo ◽  
C. M. Fauquet
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Leaf ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
The Family ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Tomato Leaf Curl ◽  
Full Length Genome ◽  
Severe Leaf ◽  
Leaf Curl

The biological and molecular properties of Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus from Varanasi, India (ToLCGV-[Var]) were characterized. ToLCGV-[Var] could be transmitted by grafting and through whitefly transmission in a persistent manner. The full-length genome of DNA-A and DNA-B of ToLCGV-[Var] was cloned in pUC18. Sequence analysis revealed that DNA-A (AY190290) is 2,757 bp and DNA-B (AY190291) is 2,688 bp in length. ToLCGV-[Var] could infect and cause symptoms in tomato, pepper, Nicotiana benthamiana, and N. tabacum when partial tandem dimeric constructs of DNA-A and DNA-B were co-inoculated by particle bombardment. DNA-A alone also is infectious, but symptoms were milder and took longer to develop. ToLCGV-Var virus can be transmitted through sap inoculation from infected tomato plants to the above-mentioned hosts causing the same symptoms. Open reading frames (ORFs) in both DNA-A and DNA-B are organized similarly to those in other begomoviruses. DNA-A and DNA-B share a common region of 155 bp with only 60% sequence identity. DNA-B of ToLCGV-[Var] shares overall 80% identity with DNA-B of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus-Severe (ToLCNDV-Svr) and 75% with ToLCNDV-[Lucknow] (ToLCNDV-[Luc]). Comparison of DNA-A sequence with different begomoviruses indicates that ToLCGV-[Var] shares 84% identity with Tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus (ToLCKV) and 66% with ToLCNDV-Svr. ToLCGV-[Var] shares a maximum of 98% identity with another isolate of the same region (ToLCGV-[Mir]; AF449999) and 97% identity with one isolate from Gujarat (ToLCGV-[Vad]; AF413671). All three viruses belong to the same species that is distinct from all the other geminivirus species described so far in the genus Begomovirus of the family Geminiviridae. The name Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus is proposed because the first sequence was taken from an isolate of Gujarat, India.

Influence of Pythium oligandrum on the bacterial communities that colonize the nutrient solutions and the rhizosphere of tomato plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1124-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vallance ◽  
F. Déniel ◽  
G. Barbier ◽  
L. Guerin-Dubrana ◽  
N. Benhamou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Root System ◽  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism ◽  
Pythium Oligandrum ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Nutrient Solutions ◽  
Conformation Polymorphism

The influence exerted by the biocontrol oomycete Pythium oligandrum on the bacterial populations proliferating in the rhizosphere of tomato plants grown in a hydroponic system and in the circulating solutions is studied in the present experiment. Quantitative PCR and single-strand conformation polymorphism were used to investigate the genetic structure and dynamics of the bacterial communities colonizing the root systems and the various circulating solutions. Quantitative PCR assays showed that bacteria heavily colonized the rhizosphere of tomato plants with, however, no significant density changes throughout the cultural season (April–September). Single strand conformation polymorphism fingerprints revealed the occurrence of transient perturbations in the rhizospheric indigenous bacterial communities following P. oligandrum introduction in the root system of plants. This effect was, however, transient and did not persist until the end of the cropping season. Interestingly, the genetic structure of the bacterial microflora colonizing either the roots or the nutrient solutions evolved throughout the cropping season. This temporal evolution occurred whatever the presence and persistence of P. oligandrum in the rhizosphere. Evidence is also provided that bacterial microflora that colonize the root system are different from the ones colonizing the circulating solutions. The relationships between these 2 microflora (at the root and solution levels) are discussed.

scholarly journals Rate of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Translocation in the Circulative Transmission Pathway of its Vector, the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murad Ghanim ◽  
Shai Morin ◽  
Henryk Czosnek
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Tomato Yellow Leaf ◽  
Yellow Leaf ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Hemolymph Sample ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus ◽  
Leaf Curl

Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci, biotype B) were able to transmit Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) 8 h after they were caged with infected tomato plants. The spread of TYLCV during this latent period was followed in organs thought to be involved in the translocation of the virus in B. tabaci. After increasing acquisition access periods (AAPs) on infected tomato plants, the stylets, the head, the midgut, a hemolymph sample, and the salivary glands dissected from individual insects were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) without any treatment; the presence of TYLCV was assessed with virus-specific primers. TYLCV DNA was first detected in the head of B. tabaci after a 10-min AAP. The virus was present in the midgut after 40 min and was first detected in the hemolymph after 90 min. TYLCV was found in the salivary glands 5.5 h after it was first detected in the hemolymph. Subjecting the insect organs to immunocapture-PCR showed that the virus capsid protein was in the insect organs at the same time as the virus genome, suggesting that at least some TYLCV translocates as virions. Although females are more efficient as vectors than males, TYLCV was detected in the salivary glands of males and of females after approximately the same AAP.

scholarly journals Ceratothripoides claratris, a New Vector of a Capsicum chlorosis virus Isolate Infecting Tomato in Thailand

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. S. D. Premachandra ◽  
C. Borgemeister ◽  
E. Maiss ◽  
D. Knierim ◽  
H.-M. Poehling
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Capsicum Chlorosis Virus

Ceratothripoides claratris, the predominant thrips species on tomato in Thailand, was tested for vector competence and efficiency to transmit Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) (isolate AIT) to tomato. The efficiency of adult-stage transmission was influenced by the larval stage at which virus was acquired. Adult C. claratris showed 69% transmission efficiency after acquiring the virus as freshly emerged (<1 h) first-instar larvae. However, when just molted (<1 h) second-instar larvae acquired the virus, the percentage of adult transmitters significantly decreased (48%). Transmission efficiency of up to 47% was detected with second-instar larvae of C. claratris which had acquired the virus as freshly emerged first-instar larvae. Transmission efficiency did not significantly differ between adult males and females, irrespective of the larval stage at which the virus was acquired. Highest transmission efficiency for CaCV was recorded in adult C. claratris derived from second-instar larvae collected from infected tomato plants in a greenhouse. Lowest transmission efficiency was observed in adults directly collected from infected tomato plants in the greenhouse. The spread of CaCV on tomato plants in greenhouses showed a close association with thrips infestations.

scholarly journals Kinetics of Systemic Invasion and Latent and Incubation Periods of Tomato severe rugose virus and Tomato chlorosis virus in Single and Co-Infections in Tomato Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Madoglio Favara ◽  
Daiana Bampi ◽  
Juan Pablo Edwards Molina ◽  
Jorge Alberto Marques Rezende
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tomato Chlorosis Virus ◽  
Kinetics Of

Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) are among the major viruses that affect tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) development and yield in Brazil. ToSRV and ToCV are transmitted in a persistent circulative and semipersistent manner, respectively, by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1, considered the main vector of these viruses. In this study, the kinetics of systemic invasion and the latent and incubation periods of ToSRV and ToCV were evaluated in singly and doubly infected tomato plants. Both viruses moved systemically into tomato plants as early as 1 day after inoculation. The mean ToCV latent periods in single infections and co-infections with ToSRV were 13 and 11 days, respectively, while incubation periods in single and co-infections were, on average, 30 and 31 days, respectively. For ToSRV, the mean latent period was 7 days in single infections and 6 days in co-infections with ToCV. Incubation periods were, on average, 18 and 17 days in single and co-infections, respectively. Because latent periods for both viruses were shorter than their respective incubation periods, field-infected tomato plants may act as sources of inocula soon after infection and before onset of symptoms.

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