scholarly journals Spectroscopy Study of Honey Pineapple Peels Extracted in Different Solvents

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Yehezkiel Steven Kurniawan ◽  
Edi Setiyono ◽  
Marcelinus Alfasisurya Setya Adhiwibawa ◽  
Krisfian Tata Aneka Priyangga ◽  
Leny Yuliati
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Spectroscopy Study ◽  
Absorption Signal ◽  
Other Hand

In the present work, we investigated the extract of honey pineapple peels in distilled water, ethanol, and acetone solvents. The spectroscopy study of each extract was performed using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, and a spectrofluorometer. The FTIR spectrum of the distilled water extract indicated that the distilled water extract may contain alcohol or carboxylic acid compounds. Meanwhile, the ethanolic extract may contain alcohol or carboxylic acid, or ether compounds. On the other hand, the acetone extract may contain alcohol or ether or aromatic or aliphatic compounds. The UV-Vis spectrum of the honey pineapple peels extracted in the distilled water, ethanol, and acetone showed a broad absorption signal at UV region (< 300 nm), four absorption signals at UV region (232-368 nm), and four absorption signals at UV region (231-368 nm) with a weak absorption signal at the visible region at 559 nm, respectively. The distilled water and acetone extracts gave fluorescence signals, however, the ethanolic extract showed no fluorescence intensity. From the FTIR, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectra characterization, the extracted natural pigments from the honey pineapple peels in distilled water, ethanol, and acetone solvents were identified. The distilled water extract may contain polar flavonoid or steroid compounds while the ethanolic extract may contain polar carotenoid pigments. On the other hand, the acetone extract may contain carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments as shown by an emission signal at 670 nm.

scholarly journals Using homogenization, sonication and thermo-sonication to inactivate fungi

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Campaniello ◽  
Antonio Bevilacqua ◽  
Milena Sinigaglia ◽  
Maria Rosaria Corbo
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
High Pressure Homogenization ◽  
Antifungal Effect ◽  
Other Hand

Ultrasound (US), Thermo-sonication (TS) and High Pressure Homogenization (HPH) were studied as tools to inactivate the spores ofPenicilliumspp. andMucorspp. inoculated in distilled water. For US, the power ranged from 40% to 100%, pulse from 2 to 10 s, and duration of the treatment from 2 to 10 min. TS was performed combining US (40–80% of power, for 8 min and pulse of 2 s) with a thermal treatment (50, 55 and 60°C at 4, 8 and 12 min). Homogenization was done at 30–150 MPa for 1, 2 and 3 times. Power was the most important factors to determine the antifungal effect of US and TS towards the conidia ofPenicilliumspp.; on the other hand, in US treatmentsMucorspp. was also affected by pulse and time. HPH exerted a significant antifungal effect only if the highest pressures were applied for 2–3 times.

4 + n-Dimensional Water and Waves on Four and Eleven-Dimensional Manifolds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Sepehri
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Waves ◽  
Extra Dimensions ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dimensional Manifold ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Structure Of Water ◽  
Water Properties ◽  
Other Hand

In this paper, we consider the structure of water and waves from viewpoints of two observers, one lives on 4-dimensional manifold and another lives on 11-dimensional manifold. On four dimensional manifold, if a water contains molecules of DNA, emits waves that by achieving to second water, give their information to it and produce new structures which are affected by the existence of DNA molecules and can be detected by PCR. Type of packings of DNAs in men is dierent from women. Consequently, their radiated waves are different and for storing their information, we need to two types of water. However on four dimensional manifold, the structures of water are approximately the same. There is a probability that dierences between various types of water could be observed in extra dimensions. On the other hand, waves that interact with water in extra dimensions can play the role of topoisomerases in biology on 11-dimensional manifold. They open packings of DNA, read it's information and transmit it to water. Properties of these topoisomerase-like waves are dierent from electromagnetic and gravitational waves. However,by reducing dimensions from 11 to 4, these waves become similar to known waves in four dimensions. Two structures of water and wave in extra dimensions have effects in nature. For example, waters inside the egg of women and water outside it have dierent structures which causes to the emergence of the entanglement between them. If sperms enter to water outside the egg, this entanglement is broken and some holes are appeared inside the egg. To fill these holes, sperms are teleported from water outside the egg to water inside the egg. Another effect is radiating some topoisomerase like waves of earth and sun which are helpful for plants and transcription and translation in cells. In some conditions, these waves interact with water, extract DNAs from it's structure in extra dimensions and create life.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF IMMUNOGENIC PROPERTIES OF TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI INACTIVATED WITH β-PROPIOLACTONE AND WITH SOME OTHER INACTIVATING AGENTS

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 743-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Soltys
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Homologous Strain ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Immunogenic Properties ◽  
Young Mice

Success in immunizing animals with dead trypanosomes depends on both the method of inactivating trypanosomes and the strain used for immunization. Comparative studies with various inactivating agents showed that β-propio-lactone and formalin are superior to phenol, heat at 56 °C, and lysis in distilled water. A vaccine containing Trypanosoma brucei with frequent passages through mice and not exposed to antibodies could elicit in animals protective antibodies and resistance to a challenge with a homologous strain. Passive immunity was shown in young mice born of vaccinated mothers. On the other hand, no active or passive immunity was demonstrated when animals were immunized with a vaccine prepared from a variant of T. brucei after passage through rabbits or sheep.

Fibrinogen-Induced Polymerization Via the Process of Methylation

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (05) ◽  
pp. 1398-1410
Author(s):  
A J Osbahr
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Thionyl Chloride ◽  
Acid Group ◽  
Fibrin Clot ◽  
Spectrophotometric Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Amino Group ◽  
Methyl Sulfate ◽  
Carboxylic Acid Groups ◽  
Other Hand

SummaryFibrinogen is polymerized by a number of group specific reagents including diazomethane, thionyl chloride and di-methyl sulfate at pH 7.4. The relationship between the number of methyl groups incorporated into fibrinogen and the extent of polymerization was evaluated. With diazomethane and thionyl chloride as modifying agents, polymerization ensued in approximately IV2 hr with extensive modification of fibrinogen. On the other hand, m�thylation via di-methyl sulfate-induced polymer formation occurs in approximately 35 min with primarily carboxylic acid group esterification. The polymerized fibrinogen formed under these conditions exhibited properties that were closely similar with the physiological fibrin clot.Amino group determinations revealed the m�thylation of amino acid residues other than the expected esterification of carboxylic acid groups. Diazomethane induced both N- methylation of lysine, as well as O-methylation of tyrosine, as estimated from spectrophotometric analysis. On the other hand, thionyl chloride modified only a small number of amino groups, and di-methyl sulfate modification resulted in no significant amounts of amino group methylation during the process of modification induced polymerization of fibrinogen.The profile of the number of methoxyl groups incorporated into fibrinogen with time for diazomethane modification may reflect a conformational change in the protein due to a more nonspecific m�thylation. Both the reagent and the conditions of modification were found to be important in achieving a selective modification of fibrinogen.A possible interpretation of these results is the esterification of carboxylic acid groups in the fibrinogen with reduction in the prevailing carboxylate ion negative repulsion, thereby achieving an increased protein-protein interaction with a resulting polymerization.

Transient nitronic acid formation in the protonation of the carbanion of 2,2′,4,4′-tetranitrodiphenylmethane in acidic methanol

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 1980-1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Terrier ◽  
Jacques Lelièvre ◽  
Alain-Pierre Chatrousse ◽  
Robert Schaal ◽  
Patrick G. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Solvent Effects ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Intrinsic Rate ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Formation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Protonated Species ◽  
Nitronic Acid

Rates of deprotonation of 2,2′,4,4′-tetranitrodiphenylmethane (1) by a variety of bases B− and of protonation of the resulting carbanion (2) by the conjugated acids BH in methanol have been measured at 20 °C. The Brønsted αBH coefficients for protonation of 2 by phenol and carboxylic acid buffers are equal to 0.58 and 0.43, respectively, as compared with αBH values of 0.59 and 0.52 respectively, for the same reactions in 50% H2O – 50% DMSO. On the other hand, a comparison of the intrinsic rate constants [Formula: see text] (in the Marcus sense) in the two solvents reveals that the effect of going from 50% H2O – 50% DMSO to methanol is to lower [Formula: see text] for the phenol reactions by a factor of 2 but to increase [Formula: see text]for carboxylic acid reactions by a factor of 5. It is shown that the solvent effects on αBH and [Formula: see text] can all be understood in the context of the Principle of Imperfect Synchronisation (PIS) recently proposed by Bernasconi. In addition, a fast equilibrium protonation of the carbanion 2 is found to precede its conversion to 1 at low pH, i.e., pH < 5. The resulting protonated species is suggested to be the nitronic acid 2,H arising from fast protonation of a para NO2 group of 2. The [Formula: see text] value associated with the ionization of 2,H is ∼4.25.

Über die Umsetzung von Benzylmalonylchlorid mit verschiedenen Natriumsalzen von Carbonsäuren / The Reaction of Benzylmalonyl Chloride with Sodium Salts of Carboxylic Acids

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 528-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helga Wittmann ◽  
Helmut Rathmayr
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Acid Chloride ◽  
Sodium Benzoate ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carboxylic Acid Chloride ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sodium Phenylacetate

Benzylmalonyl Chloride reacts in the presence of sodium acetate in boiling benzene to give tribenzyl-phloroglucinol-triacetate, however with sodium chloroacetate to 3,5-dibenzyl-6-phenethylpyran-2,4-dion. In both cases trimerisation of benzylketene or benzylketene carboxylic acid chloride occurs. On the other hand, benzylmalonylchloride reacts with sodium benzoate and sodium phenylacetate via a dimeric benzylketene carboxylic acid chloride under the loss of phosgene to yield cyclopentadienyl derivatives.

A Simple Rapid Method for Isolating Soluble Fibrin Complexes from Fibrinogen by Treatment with Thrombin and t-AMCHA

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (05) ◽  
pp. 1388-1397
Author(s):  
Shigeru Hayashi ◽  
Kaneo Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Rapid Method ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Soluble Fibrin ◽  
Other Hand

SummaryUsing treatment with thrombin associated with trans-aminomethylcyclohexane carboxylic acid (t-AMCHA), a simple and rapid method for isolating soluble fibrin complexes (SFC) from fibrinogen in the plasma was developed. By this procedure, the recovery rates of SFC and early FDP (mainly X) increased according to the concentration of t-AMCHA, reaching a maximum at 286 mM t-AMCHA. On the other hand, the recovery rate of fibrinogen remained below 1.5% and that of late FDP was almost 100% at all concentrations of t- AMCHA. These results suggested that SFC and FDP could be isolated from fibrinogen by thrombin and t-AMCHA (286 mM) treatment. Moreover, it was possible to isolate SFC from FDP using gel filtration after treatment with thrombin and t-AMCHA. The SFC could be quantified by assay of the eluted fractions containing SFC by the staphylococcal clumping test.

The Reaction of β-Cyanoethylhydrazine with Diethyl Phenylthiocarbamoylmalonate

1976 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 989-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Mohamed Mohamed Sallam ◽  
Mohamed Helmy Elnagdi ◽  
Daizy Hanna Fleita ◽  
Eric Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Hydrazine Hydrate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diethyl Ester ◽  
Reaction Intermediates ◽  
Ethanolic Solution ◽  
Other Hand

Diethyl phenylthiocarbamoylmalonate (2) reacts with β-cyanoethylhydrazin (1) to yield ethyl 3-anilino-2-pyrazolin-5-one (3) via decyanoethylation of the reaction intermediates.Whereas 2 reacts with hydrazine hydrate in refluxing ethanol to yield a mixture of 3-anilino-2-pyrazolin-5-one (4) and the hydrazide (5), the diethyl ester (6) is formed on treatment of 2 with the same reagent in a cooled ethanolic solution. On the other hand, 2 reacts with hydrazine hydrate in the absence of a solvent to yield the carboxylic acid (7).Benzoylacetonitrile reacts with phenylisothiocyanate to yield the thioanilide (8). The latter compound neither reacts with hydrazine hydrate not β-cyanoethylhydrazine.

Intravenous Diazepam in Status Epilepticus: A Correction

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 959-959
Author(s):  
James R. West
Keyword(s):  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Package Insert ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Physical Change ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Intravenous Diazepam

A question has arisen over the recommendation made by Dr. Sidney Carter1 that diazepam be diluted 10 mg in 8 ml distilled water prior to its intravenous administration in status epilepticus. We have noticed that the resulting solution appears turbid, and have had second thoughts about giving such a solution. The package insert for Valium suggests that it not be mixed with other solutions. On the other hand, if it is injected into an aqueous intravascular medium it would seem likely that the same physical change is occurring there.

Copper sulphate and plant growth

1966 ◽  
Vol 55 (03) ◽  
pp. 186-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Netien ◽  
J. Boiron ◽  
A. Marin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Germination And Growth

SummaryThe experiments seem to have shown that a 15 cH copper sulphate dilution does favourably affect the germination and growth of seeds from plants previously treated with that substance.On the other hand, copper sulphate-treated seeds grown on this 15 cH dilution excrete copper much more rapidly than treated seeds grown on potentized double distilled water. This means that the dilution produces a real detoxication of the seed which in its development then clearly resembles a normal, unpoisoned seed.

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