Principal Component Analysis (PCA):: A Study With Reference to Financial Problems of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) in West Bengal

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Susanta Kanrar ◽  
Bibekananda Roy Choudhury
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Maryam Jameelah ◽  
Nafisah Eka Puteri

<p><em>Abstrak</em> - <strong>Sertifikasi Halal suatu produk pangan tentu meningkatkan kepercayaan konsumen pada produk pangan tersebut. Akan tetapi, kriteria ‘halal’ tidaklah cukup jika tidak memperhatikan aspek ‘thoyyib’. Masyarakat umumnya mengira bahwa pangan bersertifikat halal sebagai pangan yang ‘thoyyib’. Aspek ‘thoyyib’ yang dimaksudkan adalah aman dikonsumsi dan telah melalui tahapan atau prosedur yang sesuai, sehingga diharapkan tidak menimbulkan efek penyakit bagi konsumen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh deskripsi mengenai penerapan cara produksi pangan yang baik pada industri kecil menengah produk minuman dan bahan minuman yang telah tersertifikasi halal. Pada penelitian ini metode survei dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Data yang diamati berupa pengetahuan pemilik mengenai CPPB (Cara Produksi Pangan yang Baik) dan ketercapaian penerapan CPPB, terutama pada fasilitas sanitasi, higienitas proses produksi, serta pengawasan proses produksi. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan observasi dengan bantuan kuesioner, panduan wawancara, dan lembar observasi. Data dianalisis dengan teknik analisis deskriptif melalui penyajian berbentuk grafik, tabel dan narasi. Data hubungan penerapan CPPB dan sertifikasi halal diolah menggunakan XLSTAT dengan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa sertifikasi halal pada IKM tidak hanya mencerminkan aspek “halal” tetapi dapat pula mencerminkan aspek “thoyyib” produk yang dihasilkan. Sementara itu, tingkat pengetahuan pemilik IKM tidak dapat mencerminkan tingkat keamanan pangan yang diimplementasikan selama proses produksi. Hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh kurangnya kesadaran pemilik dan penanggungjawab IKM dan tidak adanya pengawasan oleh lembaga atau badan yang bertanggungjawab akan kulitas produk.</strong></p><p><em>Abstract</em> – <strong>Consumer trust in food products may increase with halal claims on the product. However, ‘halal’ is different from ‘thoyyib’. People assume that halal food is ‘thoyyib’. ‘Thoyyib’ means good to consume and health for the body. This study aimed to obtain the description of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) holding Halal certification. To gain the purpose, the purposive sampling method was applied to this research. The level of IRTP and knowledge level of GMP were observed. Data were collected by interview and observation. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis using the graph, table, and narration. Correlation of GMP implementation and the halal claim was provided by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using XLSTAT. Results showed that halal claims on SMEs may reflect the safety of the product. Halal-claimed food might be classified as ‘thoyyib’ food. However, the knowledge level of the owner can not reflect the food safety level of the product.</strong></p><p><em><strong>Keywords</strong><strong> - </strong>CPPB, Halal Certificate, LPPOM MUI, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)</em></p>


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3726
Author(s):  
Claudia Diana Sabău-Popa ◽  
Ramona Simut ◽  
Laurențiu Droj ◽  
Corneliu Cristian Bențe

In this paper we aimed to build a composite financial index for measuring the financial health of the companies listed in the AERO (Alternative exchange in Romania) market of the Bucharest Stock Exchange. We used a principal component analysis in order to build this composite financial index using the rates of return, liquidity and the management of 25 companies listed in the AERO market for the period 2011–2018. We conceived this composite indicator as a score function that established according to the numerical values that result from its application when a company was financially healthy, when it had a poor financial health and when it was financially stable. In order to test the financial health of the selected SMEs (small and medium enterprises), we used the one sample t-test under the model of the study and the three classifications of Z (Z < 0—companies with poor financial health, 0 ≤ Z ≤ 0.5—companies with good financial health and Z > 0.5—companies with very good financial health). In this study we also aimed to identify the possible correlations between the solvency rate and the financial health index and between solvency rate and the evolution of some economic and financial measures of the companies’ activities. The results of the regression analysis using panel data showed a positive and statistically significant relation between solvency and the three rates (rates of return, of liquidity and of management, respectively) determined using the analysis of the principal components. The former model of the solvency rate identified correctly 94.9% of the SMEs with poor financial health, 40% of the SMEs with stable financial health and 72.2% of the SMEs with good financial health.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 726-731
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Huong ◽  
Dao Thi Hoang Anh ◽  
Dang Thi Hai Yen ◽  
Bui Thi Hong Nhung ◽  
Le Thi Thanh Hao

This study was conducted to examine general information of tax obligations and perceived tax compliance for small and medium enterprises in the district of Gia Lam district. To achieve these objectives, 150 small and medium enterprises were randomly selected and analyzed using descriptive analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results show that most of enterprises got difficulties in register, declare and pay taxes, and nearly half of them had submitted taxes lately. Besides, perceived tax compliance of enterprises could be divided into five key factors, including: "Quality of tax services"; "society norms"; "Technology Application"; "Enterprise responsibility "; and "Quality of tax officials". Based on these results, some recommendations could give to the tax authorities in order to improve tax regulations and policies.


MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
PIJUSH BASAK

The principal component analysis is utilized to understand the spatial and temporal variability of monsoonal rainfall. The southwest monsoon rainfall data of West Bengal, situated over 21 stations widely spread over the state, has been analyzed for a period of 60 years for inter-annual variations. A coherent subset of 8 north and 13 south stations has been studied separately to produce statistically significant inter-annual signals. It is observed that the above/below transition is quite significant both for station rainfalls and principal components for state-wise and coherent zone analysis.


VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirchberger ◽  
Finger ◽  
Müller-Bühl

Background: The Intermittent Claudication Questionnaire (ICQ) is a short questionnaire for the assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with intermittent claudication (IC). The objective of this study was to translate the ICQ into German and to investigate the psychometric properties of the German ICQ version in patients with IC. Patients and methods: The original English version was translated using a forward-backward method. The resulting German version was reviewed by the author of the original version and an experienced clinician. Finally, it was tested for clarity with 5 German patients with IC. A sample of 81 patients were administered the German ICQ. The sample consisted of 58.0 % male patients with a median age of 71 years and a median IC duration of 36 months. Test of feasibility included completeness of questionnaires, completion time, and ratings of clarity, length and relevance. Reliability was assessed through a retest in 13 patients at 14 days, and analysis of Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency. Construct validity was investigated using principal component analysis. Concurrent validity was assessed by correlating the ICQ scores with the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) as well as clinical measures. Results: The ICQ was completely filled in by 73 subjects (90.1 %) with an average completion time of 6.3 minutes. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient reached 0.75. Intra-class correlation for test-retest reliability was r = 0.88. Principal component analysis resulted in a 3 factor solution. The first factor explained 51.5 of the total variation and all items had loadings of at least 0.65 on it. The ICQ was significantly associated with the SF-36 and treadmill-walking distances whereas no association was found for resting ABPI. Conclusions: The German version of the ICQ demonstrated good feasibility, satisfactory reliability and good validity. Responsiveness should be investigated in further validation studies.


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