scholarly journals Day and night ichthyoplankton assemblages and zooplankton biomass size spectrum in a deep ocean island wake

2006 ◽  
Vol 322 ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
IM Suthers ◽  
CT Taggart ◽  
D Rissik ◽  
ME Baird
Keyword(s):  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Ocean Island ◽  
Island Wake ◽  
Biomass Size Spectrum

scholarly journals Large deep-sea zooplankton biomass mirrors primary production in the global ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hernández-León ◽  
R. Koppelmann ◽  
E. Fraile-Nuez ◽  
A. Bode ◽  
C. Mompeán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Global Coupling ◽  
Do So

AbstractThe biological pump transports organic carbon produced by photosynthesis to the meso- and bathypelagic zones, the latter removing carbon from exchanging with the atmosphere over centennial time scales. Organisms living in both zones are supported by a passive flux of particles, and carbon transported to the deep-sea through vertical zooplankton migrations. Here we report globally-coherent positive relationships between zooplankton biomass in the epi-, meso-, and bathypelagic layers and average net primary production (NPP). We do so based on a global assessment of available deep-sea zooplankton biomass data and large-scale estimates of average NPP. The relationships obtained imply that increased NPP leads to enhanced transference of organic carbon to the deep ocean. Estimated remineralization from respiration rates by deep-sea zooplankton requires a minimum supply of 0.44 Pg C y−1 transported into the bathypelagic ocean, comparable to the passive carbon sequestration. We suggest that the global coupling between NPP and bathypelagic zooplankton biomass must be also supported by an active transport mechanism associated to vertical zooplankton migration.

scholarly journals A novel approach reveals high zooplankton standing stock deep in the sea

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Vereshchaka ◽  
Galina Abyzova ◽  
Anastasia Lunina ◽  
Eteri Musaeva ◽  
Tracey T. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Standing Stock ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycling ◽  
Ocean Basin ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Ocean Dynamics ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Basin Scale

Abstract. In a changing ocean there is a critical need to understand global biogeochemical cycling, particularly regarding carbon. We have made strides in understanding upper ocean dynamics, but the deep ocean interior (> 1000 m) is still largely unknown, despite representing the overwhelming majority of Earth's biosphere. Here we present a method for estimating deep-pelagic zooplankton biomass on an ocean-basin scale. In so doing we have made several new discoveries about the Atlantic, which likely apply to the World Ocean. First, zooplankton biomass in the upper bathypelagic domain is higher than expected, representing an inverted biomass pyramid. Second, the majority of this biomass comprises macroplanktonic shrimps, which have been historically underestimated. These findings, coupled with recent findings of increased global deep-pelagic fish biomass, revise our perspective on the role of the deep-pelagic fauna in oceanic biogeochemical cycling.

Models on the Slope of, and Biomass Flow up, the Biomass Size Spectrum

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (S2) ◽  
pp. s136-s140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Borgmann
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Complex Models ◽  
Simple Equations ◽  
Growth And Reproduction ◽  
Biomass Size Spectrum ◽  
Number Of Authors

A comparison is made between the different models of the biomass size spectrum proposed by a number of authors. Though superficially dissimilar, the models are all mathematically compatible if the differences in their underlying assumptions are taken into account. The simplest model does not consider the complexities of food webs over food chains, somatic growth, or the continuous nature of the size spectrum. Comparison with the more complex models, however, shows that these omissions do not seriously affect the slope of the size spectrum. For example, one model predicts that the effects of somatic growth and reproduction cancel if cohort biomasses remain relatively constant as the cohorts mature. If growth rate is related to body size in an allometric relationship and reproduction is ignored, then another model gives a slightly different slope (higher by roughly 0.03). If the same assumptions are used in both models, however, they give compatible results. Some simple equations are suggested for routine application in size spectrum analysis of biomass and production data.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Fish Communities in Daya Bay Using Biomass Size Spectrum and ABC Curve

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannan Xu ◽  
Jianzhong Guo ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Jiangtao Fan ◽  
Yayuan Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Communities ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Daya Bay ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
The Status ◽  
Unimodal Pattern ◽  
Severe Disturbance ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Biomass Size Spectrum

Based on the data collected by four trawl surveys during 2016–2017, we applied biomass size spectrum (BSS) and abundance–biomass comparison (ABC) curve to assess the status of fish communities’ status in Daya Bay, China. Our findings indicated a unimodal pattern and biomass size ranged from −2 to 10 grain levels and the pattern of the Sheldon-type BSS of fish in Daya Bay. Moreover, fishes in the range of four to eight size class were relatively abundant. The highest peak belonged to the two to four grain level (log2 size bins), mainly consisting of Leiognathus brevirostris, Callionymus meridionalis, Callionymus koreanus, Evynnis cardinalis, Trachurus japonicus, and other small fishes. The curves of the BSS in spring and winter were relatively flat and comprised a large curvature. The summer and autumn curves were comparatively steep, and the seasonal curvature was small. The curvatures of the curve were mainly related to a large number of small Evynnis cardinalis and a small number of large-sized Harpadon nehereus and Leiognathus ruconius. In our study, it was observed that the number and the size of the breeding population, trophic levels, migration habits, and other life history characteristics, as well as anthropogenic disturbances (especially overfishing), significantly affected the peak shape, slope, or curvature of the fish BSS, with overfishing being the main factor. The ABC curve exhibited that Daya Bay was in a critical state of disturbance throughout the year. The spring, summer, and autumn were in severe disturbance, while the winter was in moderate disturbance.

scholarly journals Zooplankton trophic dynamics drive carbon export efficiency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Serra-Pompei ◽  
Ben A. Ward ◽  
Jérôme Pinti ◽  
André W. Visser ◽  
Thomas Kiørboe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Particulate Carbon ◽  
Carbon Export ◽  
Detrital Particles ◽  
Planktonic Community ◽  
Clear Relation ◽  
Spectrum Model

AbstractThe flux of detrital particles produced by plankton is an important component of the biological carbon pump. We investigate how food web structure and organisms’ size regulate particulate carbon export efficiency (the fraction of primary production that is exported via detrital particles at a given depth). We use the Nutrient-Unicellular-Multicellular (NUM) mechanistic size-spectrum model of the planktonic community (unicellular pro-tists and copepods), embedded within a 3D model representation of the global ocean circulation. The ecosystem model generates emergent food webs and size distributions of all organisms and detrital particles. Model outputs are compared to field data. We find that strong predation by copepods increases export efficiency, while protist predation reduces it. We find no clear relation between primary production and export efficiency. Temperature indirectly drives carbon export efficiency by affecting the biomass of copepods. High temperatures, combined with nutrient limitation, result in low growth efficiency, smaller trophic transfer to higher trophic levels, and decreased carbon export efficiency. Even though copepods consume a large fraction of the detritus produced, they do not markedly attenuate the particle flux. Our simulations illustrate the complex relation between the planktonic food web and export efficiency, and highlights the central role of zooplankton and their size structure.Plain Language SummaryPlankton are small organisms that live in the ocean. Plankton remove CO2 from the atmosphere by doing photosynthesis and sinking to the deep ocean, where the CO2 is sequestered. Photosynthesis can be measured by satellites, and therefore, knowing the fraction of photosynthesis that sinks to the deep ocean could allow making more accurate predictions of the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. This fraction of photosynthesis that is exported is termed “carbon export efficiency”. However, the drivers that define this carbon export efficiency are not well understood. To explore these drivers, we used computer simulations that include many planktonic organisms in a 3D model of the oceans. The model generates a detailed representation of the body sizes of plankton and of particle sizes, which is one of the main features defining sinking rates of particles in nature. We find that export efficiency is high when large zooplankton consume large amounts of prey. Temperature decreases export efficiency by reducing how efficient large plankton grow. Finally, we do not find a clear relation between photosynthesis and export efficiency, which has been much discussed in the literature. This provides mechanistic explanations to previous field observations and generates new hypotheses to be tested.Key Points:We used a 3D size-spectrum model of the planktonic community to understand the drivers of particulate carbon export efficiencyWe find that high temperature decreases growth efficiency, trophic transfer efficiency and associated carbon export efficiency.Systems that are top-down controlled by zooplankton can have high export efficiencies depending on the size of the dominant zooplankton.

scholarly journals A novel approach reveals high zooplankton standing stock deep in the sea

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 6261-6271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Vereshchaka ◽  
Galina Abyzova ◽  
Anastasia Lunina ◽  
Eteri Musaeva ◽  
Tracey Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Standing Stock ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Ocean Basin ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Ocean Dynamics ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Wet Biomass ◽  
Basin Scale

Abstract. In a changing ocean there is a critical need to understand global biogeochemical cycling, particularly regarding carbon. We have made strides in understanding upper ocean dynamics, but the deep ocean interior (> 1000 m) is still largely unknown, despite representing the overwhelming majority of Earth's biosphere. Here we present a method for estimating deep-pelagic zooplankton biomass on an ocean-basin scale. We have made several new discoveries about the Atlantic, which likely apply to the world ocean. First, multivariate analysis showed that depth and Chl were the basic factors affecting the wet biomass of the main plankton groups. Wet biomass of all major groups was significantly correlated with Chl. Second, zooplankton biomass in the upper bathypelagic domain is higher than expected. Third, the majority of this biomass comprises macroplanktonic shrimps, which have been historically underestimated. These findings, coupled with recent findings of increased global deep-pelagic fish biomass, suggest that the contribution of the deep-ocean pelagic fauna for biogeochemical cycles may be more important than previously thought.

scholarly journals The role of diatom resting spores in pelagic–benthic coupling in the Southern Ocean

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 3071-3084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Rembauville ◽  
Stéphane Blain ◽  
Clara Manno ◽  
Geraint Tarling ◽  
Anu Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Ocean Island ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Resting Spore ◽  
Benthic Coupling

Abstract. Natural iron fertilization downstream of Southern Ocean island plateaus supports large phytoplankton blooms and promotes carbon export from the mixed layer. In addition to sequestering atmospheric CO2, the biological carbon pump also supplies organic matter (OM) to deep-ocean ecosystems. Although the total flux of OM arriving at the seafloor sets the energy input to the system, the chemical nature of OM is also of significance. However, a quantitative framework linking ecological flux vectors to OM composition is currently lacking. In the present study we report the lipid composition of export fluxes collected by five moored sediment traps deployed in contrasting productivity regimes of Southern Ocean island systems (Kerguelen, Crozet and South Georgia) and compile them with quantitative data on diatom and faecal pellet fluxes. At the three naturally iron-fertilized sites, the relative contribution of labile lipids (mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty alcohols) is 2–4 times higher than at low productivity sites. There is a strong attenuation of labile components as a function of depth, irrespective of productivity. The three island systems also display regional characteristics in lipid export. An enrichment of zooplankton dietary sterols, such as C27Δ5, at South Georgia is consistent with high zooplankton and krill biomass in the region and the importance of faecal pellets to particulate organic carbon (POC) flux. There is a strong association of diatom resting spore fluxes that dominate productive flux regimes with energy-rich unsaturated fatty acids. At the Kerguelen Plateau we provide a statistical framework to link seasonal variation in ecological flux vectors and lipid composition over a complete annual cycle. Our analyses demonstrate that ecological processes in the upper ocean, e.g. resting spore formation and grazing, not only impact the magnitude and stoichiometry of the Southern Ocean biological pump, but also regulate the composition of exported OM and the nature of pelagic–benthic coupling.

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