Modulation of Cough Reflex by Gaba-Ergic Inhibition in Medullary Raphé of the Cat

We studied the effects of GABA receptor agonists microinjections in medullary raphé on the mechanically induced tracheobronchial cough response in anesthetized, unparalyzed, spontaneously breathing cats. The results suggest that GABA-ergic inhibition significantly contributes to the regulation of cough reflex by action of both GABAA and GABAB receptors. The data are consistent with inhomogeneous occurrence of GABA-ergic neurons in medullary raphé and their different involvement in the cough reflex control. Cells within rostral nucleus raphé obscurus with dominant role of GABAA receptors and neurons of rostral nucleus raphé pallidus and caudal nucleus raphé magnus with dominant role of GABAB receptors participate in regulation of cough expiratory efforts. These cough control elements are distinct from cough gating mechanism. GABA-ergic inhibition in the raphé caudal to obex had insignificant effect on cough. Contradictory findings for GABA, muscimol and baclofen administration in medullary raphé suggest involvement of coordinated activity of GABA on multiple receptors affecting raphé neurons and/or the local neuronal circuits in the raphé modulating cough motor drive.

Download Full-text

Chronic Pain: Fundamental Scientific Considerations, Specifically for Legal Claims

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2013.janfeb01 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert J. Barth

Keyword(s):

Health Outcomes ◽

Pain Perception ◽

Driving Forces ◽

Psychological Treatment ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

General Medicine ◽

Pain Syndrome ◽

Problematic Relationship

Abstract Scientific findings have indicated that psychological and social factors are the driving forces behind most chronic benign pain presentations, especially in a claim context, and are relevant to at least three of the AMA Guides publications: AMA Guides to Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation, AMA Guides to Work Ability and Return to Work, and AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. The author reviews and summarizes studies that have identified the dominant role of financial, psychological, and other non–general medicine factors in patients who report low back pain. For example, one meta-analysis found that compensation results in an increase in pain perception and a reduction in the ability to benefit from medical and psychological treatment. Other studies have found a correlation between the level of compensation and health outcomes (greater compensation is associated with worse outcomes), and legal systems that discourage compensation for pain produce better health outcomes. One study found that, among persons with carpal tunnel syndrome, claimants had worse outcomes than nonclaimants despite receiving more treatment; another examined the problematic relationship between complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and compensation and found that cases of CRPS are dominated by legal claims, a disparity that highlights the dominant role of compensation. Workers’ compensation claimants are almost never evaluated for personality disorders or mental illness. The article concludes with recommendations that evaluators can consider in individual cases.

Download Full-text

Faculty Opinions recommendation of Carbon cycle. The dominant role of semi-arid ecosystems in the trend and variability of the land CO₂ sink.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.725509014.793523368 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Dennis Baldocchi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Cycle ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Arid Ecosystems ◽

Semi Arid

Download Full-text

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТИ РЕСПИРАТОРНОЙ АЛЛЕРГИИ НА ЮГЕ РОССИИ

Rossiiskii Allergologicheskii ZHurnal ◽

10.36691/raj.2019.1-1.53219 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

D.Sh. Macharadze

Keyword(s):

Dominant Role ◽

Pollen Allergy ◽

Respiratory Allergy ◽

House Dust Mites ◽

Dust Mites ◽

The Past ◽

Regional Features ◽

Respiratory Allergies ◽

Southern Russia

В обзорной статье приведены данные по распространенности респираторной аллергии - аллергического ринита и бронхиальной астмы на юге России, опубликованные за последние десятилетия. Показана доминирующая роль пыльцевой аллергии практически во всем южном регионе России. В Чеченской Республике у больных респираторной аллергией обнаружена сходная частота встречаемости сенсибилизации к клещам домашней пыли и пыльце злаковых трав (51,1 и 52,5 соответственно), тогда как сенсибилизация к пыльце амброзии и полыни встречалась в 3 раза реже (26,6 и 20,7 соответственно) по сравнению с соседними регионами юга России. Эти данные демонстрируют климатогеографические, экологические и другие региональные особенности в распространении респираторной аллергии.The review article presents data on the prevalence of respiratory allergy - allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma in southern Russia, published over the past decades. The dominant role of pollen allergy is shown in almost the entire southern region of Russia. In the Chechen Republic, sensitization to house dust mites and grass pollen was found in patients with respiratory allergy equally (51.1 and 52.5, respectively), whereas ragweed and mugwort sensitization was 3 times less (26.6 and 20.7, respectively) compared with the neighboring regions of southern Russia. These data demonstrate climate-geographical, environmental and other regional features in the prevalence of respiratory allergies.

Download Full-text

KEGAGALAN PRIVATISASI BUMN DI ERA REZIM ORDE BARU DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI POLITIK

Wacana Publik ◽

10.37295/wp.v12i02.16 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (02) ◽

Author(s):

Syamsul Ma'arif

Keyword(s):

Market Economy ◽

Free Market ◽

Dominant Role ◽

The State ◽

Early Years ◽

New Order ◽

Free Market Economy ◽

Economic Sectors ◽

Role Of The State

After had being carried out nationalization and hostility against west countries, the New Order regime made important decision to change Indonesia economic direction from etatism system to free market economy. A set of policies were taken in order private sector could play major role in economic. However, when another economic sectors were reformed substantially, effords to reform the State Owned Enterprises had failed. The State Owned Enterprise, in fact, remained to play dominant role like early years of guided democracy era. Role of the State Owned Enterprises was more and more powerfull). The main problem of reforms finally lied on reality that vested interest of bureaucrats (civil or military) was so large that could’nt been overcome.

Download Full-text

Conclusion

10.1093/oso/9780198815013.003.0011 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ildar Garipzanov

Keyword(s):

Cultural History ◽

Middle Ages ◽

Late Antiquity ◽

Western Europe ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Ninth Century ◽

Sources Of Authority ◽

History Of ◽

Historical Periods

The concluding chapter highlights how the cultural history of graphic signs of authority in late antiquity and the early Middle Ages encapsulated the profound transformation of political culture in the Mediterranean and Europe from approximately the fourth to ninth centuries. It also reflects on the transcendent sources of authority in these historical periods, and the role of graphic signs in highlighting this connection. Finally, it warns that, despite the apparent dominant role of the sign of the cross and cruciform graphic devices in providing access to transcendent protection and support in ninth-century Western Europe, some people could still employ alternative graphic signs deriving from older occult traditions in their recourse to transcendent powers.

Download Full-text

Structure of the full-length human Pannexin1 channel and insights into its role in pyroptosis

Cell Discovery ◽

10.1038/s41421-021-00259-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sensen Zhang ◽

Baolei Yuan ◽

Jordy Homing Lam ◽

Jun Zhou ◽

Xuan Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Md Simulation ◽

Potential Role ◽

Md Simulations ◽

Full Length ◽

Inflammasome Activation ◽

Simulation Studies ◽

Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽

Gating Mechanism ◽

Atp Efflux

AbstractPannexin1 (PANX1) is a large-pore ATP efflux channel with a broad distribution, which allows the exchange of molecules and ions smaller than 1 kDa between the cytoplasm and extracellular space. In this study, we show that in human macrophages PANX1 expression is upregulated by diverse stimuli that promote pyroptosis, which is reminiscent of the previously reported lipopolysaccharide-induced upregulation of PANX1 during inflammasome activation. To further elucidate the function of PANX1, we propose the full-length human Pannexin1 (hPANX1) model through cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies, establishing hPANX1 as a homo-heptamer and revealing that both the N-termini and C-termini protrude deeply into the channel pore funnel. MD simulations also elucidate key energetic features governing the channel that lay a foundation to understand the channel gating mechanism. Structural analyses, functional characterizations, and computational studies support the current hPANX1-MD model, suggesting the potential role of hPANX1 in pyroptosis during immune responses.

Download Full-text

Multihormonal regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene transcription. The dominant role of insulin

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83707-9 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 260 (6) ◽

pp. 3882

Keyword(s):

Gene Transcription ◽

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Gene

Download Full-text

Key Influencers in Public Diplomacy 2.0: A Country-Based Social Network Analysis

Social Media + Society ◽

10.1177/2056305120981053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 205630512098105

Author(s):

Diana Ingenhoff ◽

Giada Calamai ◽

Efe Sevin

Keyword(s):

New Media ◽

Public Diplomacy ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Opinion Leaders ◽

Centrality Measures ◽

Political Actors ◽

Step Flow ◽

Twitter Users

This article presents a study of Twitter-based communication in order to identify key influencers and to assess the role of their communication in shaping country images. The analysis is based on a 2-month dataset comprised of all tweets including hashtags of the three countries selected for this study: Austria, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. Following a two-step flow model of communication, we initially identified the influential Twitter users in all three countries based on their centrality measures. Subsequently, we carried out a qualitative content analysis of tweets posted by these influential users. Finally, we assessed the similarities and differences across the three country cases. This article offers new insights into public diplomacy 2.0 activities by discussing influence within the context of country images and demonstrating how opinion leaders can play a more dominant role than states or other political actors in creating and disseminating content related to country image. The findings also provide practical insights in the production of a country’s image and its representation on new media platforms.

Download Full-text