scholarly journals Fetal maternal immune cross talking and vaccination during pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Panagiota Masoura ◽  
Georgia Koutsogeorgopoulou ◽  
Diamanto Tsianni ◽  
Anastasia Kourtesa ◽  
Kalliopi Pappa
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccines ◽  
Active Transfer ◽  
In Pregnancy

Maternal adaptations in pregnancy induce complex physiological changes of the immune system which protect mother’s health and ensure the accommodation of the growing embryo. The innate immunity is amplified and the adaptive immunity is partially suppressed, preserving the ability to produce antibodies. Vaccination during pregnancy constitutes a fundamental preventive measure in the antenatal care, as it achieves both the immunization of the mother and the baby. Besides passive immunization through the placenta, also active transfer of IgG via placenta occurs throughout pregnancy. Live attenuated vaccines (LAV) are contraindicated in pregnant women, while the others should be recommended if benefits overshadow risks.

AVIAN INNATE IMMUNITY WITH AN EMPHASIS ON CHICKEN MELANOMA DIFFERENTIATION-ASSOCIATED GENE 5 (MDA5)

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (03) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Chih-Chun Lee ◽  
Chun-Yu Tung ◽  
Ching Ching Wu ◽  
Tsang Long Lin
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Domain Architecture ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Poly I:C ◽  
Danger Signals ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Avian species have immune system to fight invading pathogens. The immune system comprises innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity relies on pattern recognition receptors to sense particular molecules present in pathogens, i.e. pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), or danger signals in the environment, i.e. danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) are the sensors recognizing cytoplasmic PAMP and/or DAMP. Among common avian species, chickens do not have RIG-I whereas ducks and finches do. Therefore, the other RLR member, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), is believed to play an important role to recognize intracellular pathogens in chickens. Chicken MDA5 has been identified and its function determined. Chicken MDA5 maintains the same domain architecture compared with MDA5 analogs in other animal species. The expression of chicken MDA5 was upregulated when a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acids (poly(I:C)), was transfected into chicken cells, whereas that did not change when cells were incubated with poly(I:C). The enhanced expression of chicken MDA5 in chicken cells upregulated the expression of chicken interferon-[Formula: see text] (IFN-[Formula: see text]). The infection of dsRNA infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in non-immune cells triggered the activation of chicken MDA5 signaling pathway, leading to the production of IFN-[Formula: see text] and subsequent response of IFN-stimulated genes. Furthermore, in immune cells like macrophages, chicken MDA5 participated in sensing the infection of IBDV by activating downstream antiviral genes and molecules and modulating adaptive immunity.On the contrary, one of cytoplasmic NLR member, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), was cloned and functionally characterized in chicken cells. Chicken NLRP3 conserved the same domain architecture compared with NLRP3 analogs in other animal species. Chicken NLRP3 was highly expressed in kidney, bursa of Fabricius and spleen. The production of mature chicken interleukin 1 [Formula: see text] (IL-1[Formula: see text] in chicken macrophages was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment followed by short ATP exposure.In summary, chicken MDA5 was a cytoplasmic dsRNA sensor that mediated the production of type I IFN upon ligand engagement, whereas NLRP3 sensed danger signals, such as ATP, in the cytoplasm and cleaved pro-IL-1[Formula: see text] to produce mature IL-1[Formula: see text]. Chicken MDA5 was not only involved in the activation of innate immune responses in non-immune and immune cells, but it also participated in modulating adaptive immunity in immune cells. Chicken NLRP3 participated in the production of mature chicken IL-1[Formula: see text] upon ligand engagement.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Peran Antenatal Care (ANC) dan Pemanfaatan TOGA dalam Kehamilan di Puskesmas Sawangan Depok

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-508
Author(s):  
Erna Harfiani ◽  
Muttia Amalia ◽  
Aulia Chairani
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Community Health Center ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
In Pregnancy

ENHANCING OF ANC AND UTILIZATION OF TOGA IN PREGNANCY AT SAWANGAN DEPOK. Women’s and children’s health problems today remain a global challenge and need remedial action. Maternal death is the death of a woman during pregnancy or death within 42 days of termination of pregnancy. Antenatal care (ANC) is an attempt to prevent the causes of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women and children. During pregnancy various physiological changes occur in pregnant women, this certainly has an impact on the psychology and health of pregnant women. TOGA (Family medicinal plants) can be used to help overcome this uncomfortable situation. Plants that can be used by pregnant women include, such as ginger, red spinach, red betel, green betel, tomatoes, and broccoli. There is a possibility of abnormalities such as bleeding, preeclampsia, and infection during pregnancy. Therefore there is a need for monitoring in the form of Antenatal Care during pregnancy and the mother’s understanding of early detection of the risk of abnormalities during pregnancy. This community service is carried out to increase community knowledge around the Sawangan Depok Community Health Center about the importance of ANC and the use of TOGA in pregnant women as well as training in the introduction of several abnormalities and emergencies during pregnancy through counseling with lecture media, pamphlets and pocketbooks on ANC and the use of TOGA. This activity went well and the results can be seen there is an increase in the results of the posttest compared to the pretest, and statistically, there are significant differences.

scholarly journals Role of Adaptive and Innate Immunity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong Zhou ◽  
Zheng Hu ◽  
Shuo Yang ◽  
Lin Sun ◽  
Zhenxiang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive And Innate Immunity

After the recognition of the essential role of the immune system in the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus, more studies are focused on the effects produced by the abnormal differentiation of components of the immune system. In patients suffering from obesity or T2DM, there were alterations in proliferation of T cells and macrophages, and impairment in function of NK cells and B cells, which represented abnormal innate and adaptive immunity. The abnormality of either innate immunity, adaptive immunity, or both was involved and interacted with each other during the progression of T2DM. Although previous studies have revealed the functional involvement of T cells in T2DM, and the regulation of metabolism by the innate or adaptive immune system during the pathogenesis of T2DM, there has been a lack of literature reviewing the relevant role of adaptive and innate immunity in the progression of T2DM. Here, we will review their relevant roles, aiming to provide new thought for the development of immunotherapy in T2DM.

Toll-like receptors and intestinal defence: molecular basis and therapeutic implications

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Cario
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Therapeutic Implications

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a principle role in distinct pathogen recognition and in the initiation of innate immune responses of the intestinal mucosa. Activated innate immunity interconnects downstream with adaptive immunity in complex feedback regulatory loops. Intestinal disease might result from inappropriate activation of the mucosal immune system driven by TLRs in response to normal luminal flora.

Immunmodulatory Effects of LPS of Clinically Relevant Pathogens to the Fetale Immune System in Pregnancy

2009 ◽  
Vol 213 (S 01) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Schmalzbauer-Reuschel ◽  
L Deml ◽  
K Entleutner ◽  
U Zähringer ◽  
B Seelbach-Göbel
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
In Pregnancy

Quantifying Pregnant Women’s Knowledge of Educational Components of Antenatal Care in Lesotho

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabeta Seeiso ◽  
Mamutle M. Todd-Maja
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Danger Signs ◽  
In Pregnancy

Antenatal care (ANC) literacy is particularly important for pregnant women who need to make appropriate decisions for care during their pregnancy and childbirth. The link between inadequate health literacy on the educational components of ANC and maternal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is undisputable. Yet, little is known about the ANC literacy of pregnant women in SSA, with most studies inadequately assessing the four critical components of ANC literacy recommended by the World Health Organization, namely danger signs in pregnancy; true signs of labour; nutrition; and preparedness for childbirth. Lesotho, a country with one of the highest maternal mortality rates in SSA, is also underexplored in this research area. This cross-sectional study explored the levels of ANC literacy and the associated factors in 451 purposively sampled women in two districts in Lesotho using a structured questionnaire, making recourse to statistical principles. Overall, 16.4 per cent of the participants had grossly inadequate ANC literacy, while 79.8 per cent had marginal levels of such knowledge. The geographic location and level of education were the most significant predictors of ANC literacy, with the latter variable further subjected to post hoc margins test with the Bonferroni correction. The participants had the lowest scores on knowledge of danger signs in pregnancy and true signs of labour. Adequate ANC literacy is critical to reducing maternal mortality in Lesotho. Improving access to ANC education, particularly in rural areas, is recommended. This study also provides important recommendations critical to informing the national midwifery curriculum.

Pharmacokinetics, Placental and Breast Milk Transfer of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant and Lactating Women Living with HIV

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 556-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Hodel ◽  
C. Marzolini ◽  
C. Waitt ◽  
N. Rakhmanina
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Drug Class ◽  
Drug Transporters ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background:Remarkable progress has been achieved in the identification of HIV infection in pregnant women and in the prevention of vertical HIV transmission through maternal antiretroviral treatment (ART) and neonatal antiretroviral drug (ARV) prophylaxis in the last two decades. Millions of women globally are receiving combination ART throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding, periods associated with significant biological and physiological changes affecting the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of ARVs. The objective of this review was to summarize currently available knowledge on the PK of ARVs during pregnancy and transport of maternal ARVs through the placenta and into the breast milk. We also summarized main safety considerations for in utero and breast milk ARVs exposures in infants.Methods:We conducted a review of the pharmacological profiles of ARVs in pregnancy and during breastfeeding obtained from published clinical studies. Selected maternal PK studies used a relatively rich sampling approach at each ante- and postnatal sampling time point. For placental and breast milk transport of ARVs, we selected the studies that provided ratios of maternal to the cord (M:C) plasma and breast milk to maternal plasma (M:P) concentrations, respectively.Results:We provide an overview of the physiological changes during pregnancy and their effect on the PK parameters of ARVs by drug class in pregnancy, which were gathered from 45 published studies. The PK changes during pregnancy affect the dosing of several protease inhibitors during pregnancy and limit the use of several ARVs, including three single tablet regimens with integrase inhibitors or protease inhibitors co-formulated with cobicistat due to suboptimal exposures. We further analysed the currently available data on the mechanism of the transport of ARVs from maternal plasma across the placenta and into the breast milk and summarized the effect of pregnancy on placental and of breastfeeding on mammal gland drug transporters, as well as physicochemical properties, C:M and M:P ratios of individual ARVs by drug class. Finally, we discussed the major safety issues of fetal and infant exposure to maternal ARVs.Conclusions:Available pharmacological data provide evidence that physiological changes during pregnancy affect maternal, and consequently, fetal ARV exposure. Limited available data suggest that the expression of drug transporters may vary throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding thereby possibly impacting the amount of ARV crossing the placenta and secreted into the breast milk. The drug transporter’s role in the fetal/child exposure to maternal ARVs needs to be better understood. Our analysis underscores the need for more pharmacological studies with innovative study design, sparse PK sampling, improved study data reporting and PK modelling in pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV to optimize their treatment choices and maternal and child health outcomes.

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