THE EFFECT OF INCREASING WINDS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF OVERSOWN SEED AND FERTILISER

Distribution patterns of white clover, perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot were measured when oversown with granulated superphosphate in contrasting cross wind speeds, under both airfield and hill country conditions. Increasing velocity of cross wind reduced the variability of spread of all components. Swath width increased, and maximum seed rate declined, with increasing cross wind. Some separation of seed types occurred, with the tighter fractions being moved further downwind. Measured distribution patterns from single flights were used to estimate paddock scale applications by overlapping swaths at normal flight path spacings for a Fletcher FU24-950 aircraft (12 m centres). The proportion of land receiving less than half the target application rate declined from 50%, under near calm conditions, to nil, under conditions of medium cross winds (e.g. l0-12 km/h). Wind is therefore a desirable factor during oversowing operations and significantly reduces variability of overall distribution. Keywords: hill country. superphosphate, PAPR, oversowing, topdressing

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The effect of perennial ryegrass ploidy and white clover inclusion on milk production of dairy cows

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an18539 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 143 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bríd McClearn ◽

Trevor Gilliland ◽

Clare Guy ◽

Michael Dineen ◽

Fergal Coughlan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

White Clover ◽

Application Rate ◽

Dairy Farmers ◽

Increase Milk Production ◽

Grazing Systems ◽

Fertiliser Application ◽

Grazing Dairy Cows

Grazed grass is considered the cheapest feed available for dairy cows in temperate regions, and to maximise profits, dairy farmers must utilise this high-quality feed where possible. Recent research has reported that including white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in grass swards can have a positive effect on milk production. The aim of the present study was to quantify the effect of tetraploid and diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.; PRG) swards sown with and without white clover on the milk production of grazing dairy cows. Four grazing treatments were used for the study; tetraploid-only PRG swards, diploid-only PRG swards, tetraploid PRG with white clover swards and diploid PRG with white clover swards. Thirty cows were assigned to each treatment and swards were rotationally grazed at a stocking rate of 2.75 cows/ha and a nitrogen-fertiliser application rate of 250 kg/ha annually. There was no significant effect of ploidy on milk production. Over the present 4-year study, cows grazing the PRG–white clover treatments had greater milk yields (+597 kg/cow.year) and milk-solid yield (+48 kg/cow.year) than cows grazing the PRG-only treatments. This significant increase in milk production suggests that the inclusion of white clover in grazing systems can be effectively used to increase milk production of grazing dairy cows.

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The effects of frequency of cutting and nitrogen application rates on the yields from perennial ryegrass plus white clover swards

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600069847 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 107 (3) ◽

pp. 687-696 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

D. Reid

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

White Clover ◽

Application Rate ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

Small Leaf ◽

Application Rates ◽

Cutting Frequency ◽

S 100 ◽

Nitrogen Rates ◽

Fertilizer Rates

SUMMARYThe results are presented for a 4-year experiment in which three cutting frequency treatments and four nitrogen fertilizer rates were applied on plots sown with perennial ryegrass and one of three varieties of white clover. The cutting frequencies were three, five and tencuts each year, and the nitrogen rates were 0, 150, 300 and 450 kg/ha annually. Two medium-large leaf clover varieties Blanca and Sabeda were compared with the medium-small leaf Aberystwyth S. 100. Comparison of the present results with those from an earlier experiment (Reid, 1978) suggests that, on average over the clover varieties, the inclusion of white clover in the ryegrass sward results in smaller effects of nitrogen application rate and cutting frequency. Decreasing the number of cuts from ten to five gave a marked increase in the dry-matter yield of mixed herbage and of clover at all nitrogen rates, but the decrease from five to three cuts had little additional effect. These results suggest that white clover may be more suited to conservation systems than previously thought, but for optimum production the interval between cuts should not exceed about 5 weeks. The medium-large leaf varieties of white clover did not appear to be in any way superior to the medium-small leaf varieties for conservation systems.

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PASTURE COMPOSITION UNDER MIXED SHEEP AND GOAT GRAZING ON HILL COUNTRY

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1984.45.1665 ◽

1984 ◽

pp. 160-166

Author(s):

D.A. Clark ◽

M.P. Rolston ◽

M.G. Lambert ◽

P.J. Budding

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

White Clover ◽

Trifolium Repens ◽

Accumulation Rate ◽

Botanical Composition ◽

Lolium Perenne L ◽

Hill Country ◽

Agrostis Tenuis ◽

Trifolium Repens L

Hill country pasture was grazed by the following ratios of goats and sheep from 1979-l 983: 100% goats (Goat 100). 66% goats and 34% sheep (Goat 66)) 33% goats and 67% sheep (doat 33), 100% set-stocked sheep (Sheep 100) and 100% mobstocked sheep. Changes in botanical composition, herbage mass and herbage accumulation rate were measured by sample dissection, visual estimation and trimmed exclosure cages respectively on three slope classes (banks, slopes and tracks). Pastures grazed by goats developed Yorkshire fog IHolcus lanatus)- white clover (Trifolium repens L.) associations with strong white clover growth on all slope classes unlike sheep-grazed pastures which contained little white clover and were dominated by perennial' ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and browntop (Agrostis tenuis Sibth.). The herbage mass of 3000, 1830, 1410 kg DM/ha on banks, slopes and tracks respectively for Sheep 100 pastures contrasted with that on the Goat 100 pastures of 2030, 3750 and 4300 kg DM/ha. White clover was enhanced on all slope classes in the Goat 100 treatment. Annual herbage accumulation was greater on the Goat 100 than Sheep 100 pastures, 13.9 and 11.2 t DM/ha respectively. There was a close association between increased annual white clover accumulation and tofal herbage accumulation. The complementary nature of sheepandgoatgrazing behavioursuggeststhe possibility of increased meat and fibre production from mixed grazing. The implications of these results for future research are discussed. Keywords: Sheep, goats, herbage mass, herbage accumulation rate, botanical composition, slope classes, white clover (Trifolium repens L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatusl, browntop (Agrostis tenuis Sibth.).

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Effect of season and previous seasonal fertilizer N application rates on the response of an S.24 perennial ryegrass/white clover sward to fertilizer N

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600054800 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 86 (2) ◽

pp. 335-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. Marsh ◽

F. J. Gordon ◽

J. C. Murdoch ◽

W. E. G. Stevenson

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

White Clover ◽

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Application Rate ◽

Published Data ◽

Fertilizer N ◽

N Application ◽

Application Rates ◽

N Application Rate ◽

Soil Complex

SummaryThe effect of season of harvest and previous seasonal applications of fertilizer N on the response of perennial ryegrass/white clover swards to pre-cut applications of fertilizer N was studied in three consecutive years on different sites. Herbage D.M. yield responded in a curvilinear manner to increased pre-cut N application rates. There was a tendency in all experiments for the marginal response of herbage D.M. to increased pre-cut N application rates to decrease as previous seasonal fertilizer N application rates increased. Although the effect of season of harvest on the response of herbage D.M. to pre-cut N application rates varied with site/years, it was concluded that the marginal response of herbage D.M. to pre-cut N application rate varies little throughout the greater part of the growing season. The exceptions to this are the very early and late harvests and swards that receive low supplies of N from the sward/soil complex. The results are discussed in relation to other published data and to their possible use in the control of the seasonal pattern and total seasonal supply of herbage D.M. for rotational grazing management systems.

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Effect of cultivar and seed rate of perennial ryegrass and strategic fertilizer nitrogen on the productivity of grass/white clover swards

Grass and Forage Science ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2494.1986.tb01826.x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 359-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

J. FRAME ◽

A. G BOYD

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

White Clover ◽

Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽

Seed Rate

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Litter can enhance pasture establishment on non-cultivable hill country

NZGA: Research and Practice Series ◽

10.33584/rps.16.2016.3235 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

pp. 243-249

Author(s):

K.N. Tozer ◽

R.A. Moss ◽

C.A. Cameron ◽

G.M. Rennie ◽

G.B. Douglas

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

White Clover ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Bare Ground ◽

Hill Country ◽

The North ◽

Dead Vegetation ◽

North And South

The effect of litter (dead vegetation) on establishment of an autumn-sown grass-legume-herb mix was investigated in non-cultivable hill country in Waikato (2013) and in Canterbury (2013, 2014, 2015). In Waikato, increasing litter height increased establishment of sown species by over 3-fold when comparing establishment from herbicide-treated swards with 7 cm or 0 cm (bare ground) of litter (660 versus 190 seedlings/m2). Only perennial ryegrass and white clover established of the seven oversown species in Waikato and none established in Canterbury. In Canterbury, soil surface temperatures were reduced and soil moisture was greater under 7 cm than 0 cm of litter, resulting in a 20% and 50% increase in average soil moisture content on the north and south aspects, respectively. It was concluded that litter enhanced establishment of perennial ryegrass and white clover in Waikato but the ameliorating effect of litter on the soil micro-climate was insufficient to enhance establishment in Canterbury. Keywords: oversowing, pasture establishment, pasture species

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Availability of seed for hill country adapted forage legumes

NZGA: Research and Practice Series ◽

10.33584/rps.16.2016.3237 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

pp. 257-267

Author(s):

S. Monk ◽

D.J. Moot ◽

B. Belgrave ◽

M.P. Rolston ◽

J.R. Caradus

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Seed Production ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

White Clover ◽

Local Market ◽

Forage Legumes ◽

Hill Country ◽

Seed Supply ◽

Farm Production ◽

On Farm

New Zealand hill and high country are marginal environments for perennial ryegrass and white clover. Other pasture species, particularly legumes, provide more productive and persistent options for the range of soil climate and topography found in these environments. On cultivatable hill country, lucerne (alfalfa) has been successfully introduced to dryland areas with imported seed increasing five-fold to 210 t per annum over the last decade. This has led to the first release of a New Zealand selected cultivar in 20 years. For subterranean clover reliance on hardseeded Australian cultivars that frequently fail to meet New Zealand biosecurity standards means seed supply is inconsistent. The potential exists to create a niche seed market through selection of locally adapted material grown for seed in New Zealand. Lotus pedunculatus is available commercially but seed often fails to meet certification standards and is predominantly used in forestry. Lotus corniculatus requires agronomic research to overcome some management constraints and the re-establishment of seed supply before it would be a viable option for drier hill country. Seed production for perennial lupins in New Zealand is predominantly for an export ornamental market, with some direct relationships with growers allowing onfarm use. Caucasian clover seed production has ceased in New Zealand and the demand for seed particularly from high country farmers is no longer met. The smallseeded annual balansa clover is being integrated into farm systems and its prolific seeding has enabled some on-farm production of seed for personal use. For it and arrowleaf and Persian clovers, imported cultivars are available and a local market is unlikely to thrive until agronomic and hard seed issues are addressed. Seed supply of forage legumes to satisfy demand for hill country is problematic and will require development of different models including grower co-ops, regional seed retailers, and on-farm production for niche markets. Keywords: alfalfa, Lolium perenne, Lupinus polyphyllus, Medicago sativa, perennial ryegrass, Sitona lepidus, Trifolium ambiguum, Trifolium michelianum, Trifolium repens, Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium tumens, Trifolium vesiculosum, white clover

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Strategic nitrogen fertiliser use on perennial ryegrass and white clover pasture in north-western Tasmania

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea97022 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 155 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

R. J. Eckard ◽

D. R. Franks

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

White Clover ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Application Rate ◽

Nitrogen Efficiency ◽

Management Tool ◽

N Availability ◽

Pasture Production ◽

N Application ◽

Clover Pasture

Summary. The strategic application of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on temperate pasture is a popular management tool for boosting pasture production, particularly when low soil temperatures limit clover-derived N availability. The responsiveness of a perennial ryegrass and white clover pasture to increasing rates of N fertiliser (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg N/ha), applied as a single application, was investigated for 5 pre and 5 post mid winter N application dates. The trial was laid out in a randomised split-plot design, replicated 4 times, with N application date in the whole plots and N fertiliser rate in subplots. Herbage yields were estimated by mowing small plots, with animals excluded for the duration of a single regrowth period on each plot. The data are presented as averages for the 5 pre and 5 post mid winter responses separately, as the means of the pre and post winter partitions were significantly (P<0.001) different at all rates of N fertiliser for both years. Significant (P<0.05) yield responses were noted between increments of N fertiliser up to the 45 kg N/ha application rate. In contrast, no significant (P>0.05) increases in dry matter yield were noted between the 45 and 60 kg N/ha rates in all but one response, consistent with diminishing returns. The efficiency with which N fertiliser was utilised ranged between 9.0 and 15.9 kg N dry matter/kg. Nitrogen efficiency was consistently lower at the 60 kg N/ha rate than for lower rates of N fertiliser. The application of N fertiliser increased pasture dry matter yields by between 582 and 703 kg dry matter/ha. Based on the 1997 cost of urea, the additional forage produced cost between 6.4 and 10.1 cents/kg dry matter. The data are reviewed in terms of the potential for strategic N fertiliser applications during the winter, while still maximising utilisation of clover-derived N during the warmer months.

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