scholarly journals Forage-pasture production in the first three years of an agroforestry experiment

1994 ◽  
pp. 179-185
Author(s):  
K.M. Pollock ◽  
R.J. Lucas ◽  
D.J. Mead ◽  
S.E. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Pasture Area

Forage production from a newly established pinepasture system at 1000 trees per ha and pasture alone was compared. Pastures of ryegrass/clover, cocksfoot/clover, phalaris/clover and lucerne were used. Overall, forage production varied little between the grass/clover pastures and was little affected by the pine trees except for the 14% reduction in pasture area in the trees because of herbicide-treated planting strips. Lucerne production between the trees was similar to that of the grass/clover pastures but in the open pasture, lucerne yielded a total of 29.5 t DM/ha compared with 22 t DM/ha from grass/clover treatments. Pasture growth within 1 m of the trees in the third summer was reduced by as much as 40%, indicating that competitive dominance was shifting in favour of the pines. Keywords: agroforestry, competition, pasture-tree interaction, radiata pine, temperate pasture

Forage production from hedges of tagasaste in a high rainfall temperate environment, and the effects of plant spacing and frequency of harvesting

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
AA McGowan ◽  
GL Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
The Third ◽  
Temperate Environment

The effect of spacing between plants (1,2 and 4 plants/m) and frequency of harvesting (2,3 and 4 times/year) on the production of tagasaste grown in hedges, was measured for 4 years following establishment. In the first 2 years, yield per metre of hedge increased with reduced spacing between plants; in the third and fourth years, however, there was little difference in the yields of the 2 closest plantings which still out-yielded the sparsest planting (1 plant/m). Total annual yields of both dry matter and 'edible' dry matter were greatest with only 2 harvests per year, but there was very little difference between yields from 3 or 4 harvests per year. With a spacing of 4 plants/m and 2 harvests per year, total annual dry matter yields of over 4.5 kg/m of hedge were achieved in the third and fourth years after establishment. Approximately 66% of the forage harvested was considered edible with this level of production. Pasture production adjacent to the hedges was generally unaffected by the tagasaste hedges. The protein content, digestibility and production of the tagasaste warrants further testing of its performance in larger scale plantations, rather than in isolated hedges.

LIME AND DAIRY PRODUCTION

1982 ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
N.A. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
One Year ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

In a four year grazing trial with dairy cows the application of 5000 kg lime/ ha (applied in two applications of 2500 kg/ha in winter of the first two years) significantly increased annual pasture production in two of the four years and dairy production in one year. In three of the four years lime significantly increased pasture growth over summer/autumn with concurrent increases in milk production. In the last year of the trial lime had little effect on pasture growth but a relatively large increase in milkfat production resulted. A higher incidence of grass staggers was recorded on the limed farmlets in spring for each of the four years. In the second spring immediately following the second application of lime significant depressions in both pasture and plasma magnesium levels were recorded. By the third spring differences in plasma magnesium levels were negligible but small depressions in herbage magnesium resulting from lime continued to the end of the trial. Lime significantly raised soil pH, Ca and Mg levels but had no effect on either soil K or P. As pH levels of the unlimed paddocks were low (5.2-5.4) in each autumn and soil moisture levels were increased by liming, these factors may suggest possible causes for the seasonality of the pasture response to lime

Stiffness gradients in radiata pine trees

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Xu ◽  
J. C. F. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Pine Trees

A study of the olfactory responses of insect parasites to the food plant of their host

Parasitology ◽  
1938 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Thorpe ◽  
H. B. Caudle
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Insect Parasites

1. Pimpla ruficollis is a parasite of the pine shoot moth Rhyacionia (Evetria) buoliana Schiff. (Eucosmidae) which emerges from its host a considerable time before the next generation of larvae are ready for oviposition. It seems that during this period the parasites leave the pine trees and feed on the flowers of certain Umbelliferae and probably other plants. Only after 3 or 4 weeks do they return to the pine trees where the shoots now contain larvae ready for egg laying.2. It has been shown by means of olfactometer experiments that during this first period of the adult life, the parasites are repelled by the odour of oil of Pinus sylvestris. At this time the ovaries are very small and are probably not ready for the production of eggs. After the third or fourth week of life the females become attracted by the oil of P. sylvestris and the ovaries are now relatively large.3. Since Geraniol is known to be a constituent of certain conifers, this substance was also tested. It was, however, found to be invariably repellent to the parasites.4. There is some evidence that conclusions reached as a result of experiments with P. ruficollis also apply to the ophionine ichneumonid Eulimneria rufifemur.

Range Forage Production and Consumption Following Aerial Spraying of Mixed Brush

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Scifres ◽  
G.P. Durham ◽  
J.L. Mutz
Keyword(s):  
South Texas ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Direct Function ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
The Third ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Brush Control

Production of native grasses following aerial application of 1.12 kg/ha of 2.4.5-T ((2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid), 2,4,5-T + dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), or 2,4,5-T + picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) (1:) to a south Texas mixed-brush (Prosopis-Acacia) community was significantly increased by all herbicide treatments the year of application, by the herbicide combinations during the second year, but only by 2,4,5-T + picloram the third year after treatment. Moisture-use efficiency based on kg/ha native grass produced/cm precipitation was greastest where the herbicide combinations were applied. Defoliation of woody plants in years of above-average rainfall resulted in favorable grass production responses regardless of herbicide(s). However, range improvement over the 3-yr of study was dependent on maintenance of herbicide effectiveness, especially control of underbrush which resulted only where 2,4,5-T + picloram were applied. Consumption of native grass was a direct function of availability in response to brush control as augmented by rainfall. Forb production was reduced by all herbicides the year of treatment and by 2,4,5-T + picloram the year following application, but was not reduced by any treatment during the third growing season.

scholarly journals Forage production in a natural grassland with limestone and phosphorus dosages

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 3265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Eduardo Prestes ◽  
Cassandro Vidal Talamini do Amarante ◽  
Cassiano Eduardo Pinto ◽  
Gabriel Prestes ◽  
Guilherme Doneda Zanini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
The Third ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum ◽  
Natural Grassland

The objective of this study was to assess forage production in a natural grassland by applying different doses of limestone and phosphorus, and the influence of these applications on soil profile. The treatments consisted of the application of limestone doses of 0.0, 7.2, and 14.4 t ha-1 and phosphorus doses of 0,35, 70, and 140 kg of P2O5 ha-1 on the soil surface. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with split-plots and three replications. The limestone doses were distributed in the main plot and applied only at the beginning of the experiment, whereas the phosphorus doses were distributed in the subplots with subsequent annual maintenance applications. Was used a ruler (cm) for monitoring the growth of pastures and, when grasses reached an average height of 20 cm, forage samples were collected in each subplot and botanical and morphological components were separated and dried until a constant weight was achieved. In the third and fourth assessment years, soil samples were collected in the 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, and 15-20-cm layers to evaluate the influence of treatments on the chemical properties of the soil. The variables analyzed were related to the production of several components, including fodder, native grasses, leguminous plants, unwanted plants, and dead material, in addition to soil properties such as pH, exchangeable aluminum concentration, and base saturation. There was no interaction between the limestone and phosphorus treatments. The effect of limestone doses on forage production was assessed in the third year, and, in the following year, the intermediate dose of limestone (7.2 t ha-1) produced the highest yield (2,316.1 kg of dry matter [DM] of forage ha-1). The increase in phosphorus doses increased forage production in the second year, and reached yields of up to 2,232 Kg DM ha-1 in the fourth year. In summary, the production of natural pastures was enhanced by the application of 25% of the recommended dose of limestone (7.2 t ha-1), and by the application of 50% of the recommended dose of phosphorus (70 kg P2O5 ha-1). The increase in limestone doses directly affected the chemical properties of the soil by decreasing acidity and exchangeable aluminum, and increasing base saturation, even in deeper layers (0-20 cm). The increase in phosphorus doses did not increase the mobility of this nutrient in the deeper layers of the soil (10-20 cm), and the effects were restricted to a depth of up to 10 cm.

Detection and mapping of resin canals by image analysis in transverse sections of mechanically perturbed, young Pinus radiata trees

IAWA Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Thomas ◽  
David A. Collings
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Automated Detection ◽  
Flatbed Scanner ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Imagej Software ◽  
Resin Canals

We describe a novel, semi-automatic method for the detection, visualisation and quantification of axially oriented resin canals in transverse sections of Pinus radiata D. Don (radiata pine) trees. Sections were imaged with a flatbed scanner using circularly polarised transmitted light, with the resin canals that contained only primary cell walls appearing dark against a bright background of highly-birefringent tracheids. These images were analysed using ImageJ software and allowed for a non-biased, automated detection of resin canals and their spatial distribution across the entire stem. We analysed 8-month-old trees that had been subjected to tilting to induce compression wood and rocking to simulate the effects of wind. These experiments showed that both rocking and tilting promoted the formation of wood and confirmed that resin canals were most common adjacent to the pith. Both the rocking and tilting treatments caused a decrease in the number of resin canals per unit area when compared to vertical controls, but this change was due to the increased formation of wood by these treatments. In tilted samples, however, analysis of resin canal distribution showed that canals were more common on the lower sides of stems but these canals were excluded from regions that formed compression wood.

Presence of the cerambycid beetles Psacothea hilaris and Monochamus alternatus affecting the life cycle strategy of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Nematology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritoshi Maehara ◽  
Kazuyoshi Futai
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Life Cycle Strategy ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cerambycid Beetles

AbstractAlthough fourth-stage dispersal juveniles (JIV) of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode (PWN), developed in the presence of both Monochamus alternatus and Psacothea hilaris, the numbers and the percentage of JIV were far higher in the presence of the former than of the latter. JIV first appeared 7 days after pupation of M. alternatus and the number increased from the day of beetle eclosion to the third day thereafter, then remained stable. We conclude that the presence of specific vectors affects both the life history of the PWN and the numbers of nematodes carried by vectors emerging from killed pine trees.

scholarly journals DETERMINAÇÃO DO COEFICIENTE DE CULTIVO (Kc) DO CAPIM TANZÂNIA IRRIGADO NO NORTE DE MINAS GERAIS

Irriga ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Brenon Diennevan Souza Barbosa ◽  
Flávio Gonçalves Oliveira ◽  
Flávio Pimenta Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Effects Of Drought

DETERMINAÇÃO DO COEFICIENTE DE CULTIVO (Kc) DO CAPIM  TANZÂNIA IRRIGADO NO NORTE DE MINAS GERAIS  BRENON DIENNEVAN SOUZA BARBOSA¹; FLÁVIO GONÇALVES OLIVEIRA² E FLÁVIO PIMENTA DE FIGUEIREDO3 ¹Graduando em Engenharia Agrícola e ambiental. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Instituto de Ciências Agrárias da Campus Montes Claros-MG., ICA/UFMG. .e-mail: [email protected]²Engenheiro Agrícola, Doutor, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias,  Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. ICA/UFMG, campus Montes Claros-MG           [email protected]²Engenheiro Agrícola, Doutor, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias,  Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. ICA/UFMG, campus Montes Claros-MG           [email protected]  1 RESUMO O período de estiagem na região norte mineira, que pode perdurar até 8 meses, estendendo-se de Março até final de Outubro, é um grande problema para a produção de pastagem. A pecuária é umas das principais atividades econômicas desta região e, nestas condições, o uso da irrigação, é imprescindível para reduzir os efeitos do déficit hídrico na produção de forragem. Este estudo visou a determinação do coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) do capim Tanzânia, nas condições climáticas da safra 2012 – 2013 na região norte de Minas Gerais. Os valores de coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) foram determinados em lisímetros de drenagem que recebiam uma lâmina de irrigação correspondente a 120% da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo). Estes lisímetros foram selecionadas em decorrência da maior produtividade em relação aos tratamentos recebendo 30, 60, 90 e ETo e da igualdade de produtividade, 38 ton/ha/ano, em relação aos lisímetros recebendo 150% da Eto. No verão, os valores médios de Kc, correspondentes a quatro repetições, apresentaram valores variando desde 0, 67, logo após o corte, até 1,2, aproximadamente trinta dias após o corte. No inverno, o valor médio de Kc foi igual a 1. Palavras-chave: Forragicultura, manejo de irrigação, irrigação de pastagem  BARBOSA, B. D. S.; OLIVEIRA, F.G.; FIGUEIREDO, F. P. DEDETERMINATION OF CROP COEFFICIENT (Kc ) OF TANZANIA GRASS IRRIGATION IN GENERAL MINES NORTH  2 ABSTRACT The dry season in the northern region of Minas Gerais state, which can last up to 8 months, stretching from March to end of October, is a major problem for pasture production. Livestock is one of the main economic activities of this region and , in these conditions , the use of irrigation , it is essential to reduce the effects of drought on forage production. This study aimed to determine the crop coefficient (Kc ) of the Tanzania grass, in the climatic conditions of the 2012 - 2013 season in the northern region of Minas Gerais. The crop coefficient values (Kc) were determined in drainage lysimeters receiving irrigation depth corresponding to 120 % of the reference evapotranspiration ( Eto). These lysimeters were selected because they achieved the same yield level, around 38 ton / ha / year, of the lysimeters in which it were applied 150% of Eto and a higher productivity in relation to the lysimeters in which were applied 30, 60, and  90% of ETo. In summer, average Kc values, corresponding to four replications, presented values ranging from 0.67, soon after cutting, to 1.2, approximately thirty days after the cut. In the winter, the average value Kc is equal to 1.0. Palavras-chave: Forragicultura, manejo de irrigação, irrigação de pastagem 

scholarly journals The 4R management for nitrogen fertilization in tropical forage: A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1834-1837
Author(s):  
Carolina Marques Costa ◽  
Ana Beatriz Graciano da Costa ◽  
Gustavo de Farias Theodoro ◽  
Gelson dos Santos Difante ◽  
Antonio Leandro Chaves Gurgel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
N Dose ◽  
Pasture Area ◽  
Forage Yields

Most of the tropical soils that are intended for pastures are degraded or are at a certain stage of degradation. In this context, the use of nitrogen fertilization increases the quantity as well as the quality of the fodder produced and also accelerates growth, tillering, leaf production, and consequently, expansion of the aerial region and the root system. The present review of the literature aims to determine how the control of the source, location, time, and the application of a right dose of nitrogen fertilizer influences and benefits the entire ecosystem in tropical pastures with the correct use of 4R management, along with increasing the forage yields in these areas. The results showed that in tropical pastures, the recommended N dose varies with the cultivar used and the expected forage production and ranges from 50 to 500 kg N ha–1 year–1, irrespective of division in grazing cycles, with distribution in the entire pasture area

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