scholarly journals Integrated pastoral management strategies for Hieracium control

1994 ◽  
pp. 243-247
Author(s):  
P.R. Espie
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Dispersal Mechanism ◽  
Pastoral Management ◽  
Flower Density ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Intensity Grazing

There are four main options for controlling Hieracium: agricultural development, herbicides, biological control and grazing management. Grazing management appears one of the most feasible current strategies for limiting Hierucium spread on low-input land. Exclosure studies in Canterbury and.Otago show grazing can reduce Hierucium flower density 40-fold, limiting expansion by seed. Autumn recruitment from seed varied from 46 to 95 seedlings /m* , suggesting this may be an important dispersal mechanism in wet summers. Low-intensity spring-summer grazing significantly reduced plant number and ground cover of upright Hieracium species, but not prostrate species. Conversely, high-intensity grazing may assist establishment. In a 16-year grazing trial in Otago, Hierucium cover, an4 that of similar flatweeds, was greatest at high stocking rates. Farming with Hierczcium in the future will require development of grazing strategies integrating the requirements for the optimal management of different Hieracium species. Keywords: Hieracium, hawkweed, high country, grazing management

Bio-economic evaluation of grazing-management options for beef cattle enterprises during drought episodes in semiarid grasslands of northern Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
M. K. Bowen ◽  
F. Chudleigh ◽  
D. Phelps
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Herd Management ◽  
Stocking Rates

Context The large inter-annual and decadal rainfall variability that occurs in northern Australian rangelands poses major challenges for the profitable and sustainable management of grazing businesses. Aims An integrated bio-economic modelling framework (GRASP integrated with Breedcow and Dynama (BCD)) was developed to assess the effect of alternative grazing-management options on the profitability and sustainability of a beef cattle enterprise in the central-western Mitchell grasslands of Queensland over a multi-decadal time period. Methods Four grazing-management strategies were simulated over a 36-year period (1982–2017) in the GRASP pasture-growth model, using historic climate records for Longreach in central-western Queensland. Simulated annual stocking rates and steer liveweight-gain predictions from GRASP were integrated with published functions for mortality and conception rates in beef-breeding cattle in northern Australia, and then used to develop dynamic BCD cattle-herd models and discounted cash-flow budgets over the last 30 years of the period (1988–2017), following a 6-year model-equilibration period. The grazing-management strategies differed in the extent to which stocking rates were adjusted each year, from a common starting point in Year 1, in response to changes in the amount of forage available at the end of the summer growing season (May). They ranged from a low flexibility of ‘Safe stocking rate’ (SSR) and ‘Retain core herd’ (RCH) strategies, to a moderate flexibility of ‘Drought responsive’ (DR), to a ‘Fully flexible’ (FF) strategy. The RCH strategy included the following two herd-management scenarios: (1) ‘Retain herd structure’, where a mix of cattle were sold in response to low pasture availability, and (2) ‘Retain core breeders’, where steers were sold before reducing the breeder herd. Herd-management scenarios within the DR and FF strategies examined five and four options respectively, to rebuild cattle numbers and utilise available pasture following herd reductions made in response to drought. Key results Property-level investment returns expressed as the internal rate of return (IRR) were poor for SSR (–0.09%) and the three other strategies when the herd was rebuilt following drought through natural increase alone (RCH, –0.27%; DR, –1.57%; and FF, –4.44%). However, positive IRR were achieved when the DR herd was rebuilt through purchasing a mix of cattle (1.70%), purchasing pregnant cows (1.45%), trading steers (0.50%) or accepting cattle on agistment (0.19%). A positive IRR of 0.70% was also achieved for the FF property when purchasing a mix of cattle to rebuild numbers. However, negative returns were obtained when either trading steers (–2.60%) or agistment (–0.11%) scenarios were applied to the FF property. Strategies that were either inflexible or highly flexible increased the risk of financial losses and business failure. Property-level pasture condition (expressed as the percentage of perennial grasses; %P) was initially 69%P and was maintained under the DR strategy (68%P; average of final 5 years). The SSR strategy increased pasture condition by 25% to 86%P, while the RCH and FF strategies decreased pasture condition by 29% (49%P) and 65% (24%P) respectively. Conclusions In a highly variable and unpredictable climate, managing stocking rates with a moderate degree of flexibility in response to pasture availability (DR) was the most profitable approach and also maintained pasture condition. However, it was essential to economic viability that the property was re-stocked as soon as possible, in line with pasture availability, once good seasonal conditions returned. Implications This bio-economic modelling analysis refines current grazing-management recommendations by providing insights into both the economic and sustainability consequences of stocking-rate flexibility in response to fluctuating pasture supply. Caution should be exercised in recommending either overly conservative safe stocking strategies that are inflexible, or overly flexible stocking strategies, due to the increased risk of very poor outcomes.

scholarly journals 349 The need for forage intake measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 77-78
Author(s):  
Michael Galyean
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Grazing Lands ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Supplemental Nutrients

Abstract We often tell students of nutrition that “animals require quantities, not percentages, of nutrients.” Nonetheless, diets and supplements are typically formulated on a percent basis, which is convenient and works well if feed intake is known. Grazing ruminants require quantities of nutrients, but unlike their pen-fed counterparts, forage intake is unknown. Estimates of intake are essential to make management decisions relative to the quantity and timing of supplemental nutrients, which are often the largest out-of-pocket cost for ruminant production based on grazed forages. Moreover, sustainable management of grazing lands requires estimates of intake relative to available forage to set appropriate stocking rates and to assess environmental impacts (e.g. greenhouse gases). These management decisions become more critical as the physiological state of grazing animals change over time, resulting in shifts in both feed intake and nutrient requirements that affect the need for supplemental nutrients and can alter grazing management strategies. This dilemma – not knowing feed intake but needing it to make critical management and environmental decisions – necessitates the use of intake estimates as a basis for formulating supplemental nutrition plans and developing grazing management schemes. These estimates range from “thumb rules” for intake at various physiological states to more complex equations based on forage composition (also generally unknown in grazing situations), environmental variables, and various animal factors. The validity of these estimates and equations is often tested against intake values in pen-fed ruminants, as well as estimates derived from indirect methods in grazing animals (e.g. marker-based methods). Developing methods that yield accurate and precise predictions of voluntary intake by grazing ruminants has been a long-standing challenge, but the need for effective methodology and estimates of forage intake remains critical for grazing livestock.

Post-experimental modelling of grazing systems to improve profit and environmental outcomes using AusFarm

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Broadfoot ◽  
W. B. Badgery ◽  
G. D. Millar
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Experimental Modelling ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Flexible Management ◽  
Stocking Rates

Assessments of grazing systems are often constrained by the decisions regarding the management of the grazing systems, including stocking rate, and also the seasonal conditions that occur during the assessment period. These constraints have led to sometimes conflicting results about comparisons of grazing management systems. This paper examines 1-, 4- and 20-paddock (1P, 4P and 20P) grazing management systems to determine how the intensity of grazing management on native pastures influences the financial performance of sheep production systems. The performance of the grazing systems, as part of the Orange EverGraze research experiment, was initially examined using the biophysical data over the 4 years of the experiment and then a more detailed analysis over a longer timeframe was undertaken using the AusFarm simulation modelling software. Flexible management strategies to optimise ewe numbers, sale time of lambs, and adjust ewe numbers based on season, were also assessed to determine which management systems are the most profitable and sustainable. There was higher profit for the 20P grazing system than the 1P system during the experiment. However, when stocking rates were held constant at optimum levels and systems were simulated over 40 years, there was no difference between grazing systems. Modelling strategies used to vary stocking rates showed that flexible management options are better based on optimising ewe numbers and the sale time of lambs rather than changing ewe numbers between years. The sustainability of modelled systems was also assessed using frequency of events where the average herbage mass (0.8 t DM/ha) or ground cover (80%) in autumn dropped below levels that are associated with degradation. Degradation events occurred more so with increasing ewe number than lamb sale time. Overall, the most sustainable systems, when considering profitability and environmental issues, had a stocking rate of 4.2 ewes per ha, with lambs sold in February (2 or 18). Higher stocking rates (5.3 ewes/ha) would need to be run for more intensive grazing management to have higher profitability.

scholarly journals Northern Australian pasture and beef systems. 1. Net carbon position

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Bray ◽  
Natalie Doran-Browne ◽  
Peter O'Reagain
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Woody Vegetation ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Livestock Emissions ◽  
Stocking Rates

The beef industry in northern Australia manages ~15 million cattle, grazed on 250 million hectares of grassland and savanna woodland. The large size of the beef industry results in significant quantities of greenhouse gases being emitted to the atmosphere through ruminant livestock enteric methane production. However, livestock emissions are only one component of the carbon cycle in which grazing businesses operate. Livestock grazing also affects carbon stocks and fluxes in pasture, woody vegetation, soil and from fire through the consumption of forage and other landscape impacts. Little knowledge is available on the impact of different grazing management strategies on the ‘net carbon position’ incorporating carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions when grazing savanna woodlands. The Wambiana grazing trial in northern Queensland, Australia, provides an opportunity to assess carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions (reported as t CO2-e) associated with livestock, pasture, woody vegetation, soil and fire under alternative grazing management strategies (moderate and heavy stocking rate) over a 16-year period. The results indicate that tree biomass and woody vegetation dynamics dominate the carbon stocks and fluxes in grazed savanna woodlands. During the trial, both moderate and heavy stocking rate treatments had a positive net carbon balance, with the moderate stocking rate treatment having a better ‘net carbon position’ (19 t CO2-e per ha) than the heavy stocking rate treatment (9 t CO2-e per ha), primarily due to less livestock emissions and greater pasture biomass and soil C. These results add to the previously published benefits on land condition and economic return of grazing at moderate stocking rates, compared with heavy stocking rates.

Management of grazing systems

1989 ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Pastoral Systems ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Stocking Rates

Recent assessments of the relative importance of stocking rate. stocking policy and grazing management on the output from pastoral systems are used as a starting point to argue the need for objective pasture assessments to aid control of livestock enterprises to meet production targets. Variations in stocking rates, stocking policy and other management practices all provide alternative means of control of pasture conditions which are the major determinants of pasture and animal performance. Understanding of the influence of pasture conditions on systems performance should provide a better basis for management control and for Communication between farmers, extension officers and researchers. Keywords: Stocking rate, pasture condition, pasture cover

Dietary preference of dairy cows grazing grass and clover

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 51-51
Author(s):  
S.M. Rutter ◽  
R.J. Orr ◽  
P.D. Penning ◽  
N.H. Yarrow ◽  
R.A. Champion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Considerable Progress ◽  
Dietary Preference ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Grazing Sheep

The development of grazing management strategies to optimise nutrient intake from grazed herbage requires an understanding of the factors influencing the dietary preference of grazing domestic ruminants. Although there has been considerable progress in understanding the factors influencing the dietary preference of grazing sheep, there has been comparatively little research with lactating dairy cows (Rutter et al., 1997). The aim of the experiment reported here was to study the dietary preference of lactating dairy cows grazing grass and clover.

scholarly journals Canadian Consensus Conference on the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Adults – Update 2004

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Armstrong ◽  
John K Marshall ◽  
Naoki Chiba ◽  
Robert Enns ◽  
Carlo A Fallone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Reflux Disease ◽  
Symptom Relief ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Consensus Conference ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Barrett’S Epithelium ◽  
Barrett's Epithelium ◽  
Gerd Symptoms

BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most prevalent acid-related disorder in Canada and is associated with significant impairment of health-related quality of life. Since the last Canadian Consensus Conference in 1996, GERD management has evolved substantially.OBJECTIVE: To develop up-to-date evidence-based recommendations relevant to the needs of Canadian health care providers for the management of the esophageal manifestations of GERD.CONSENSUS PROCESS: A multidisciplinary group of 23 voting participants developed recommendation statements using a Delphi approach; after presentation of relevant data at the meeting, the quality of the evidence, strength of recommendation and level of consensus were graded by participants according to accepted principles.OUTCOMES: GERD applies to individuals who reflux gastric contents into the esophagus causing symptoms sufficient to reduce quality of life, injury or both; endoscopy-negative reflux disease applies to individuals who have GERD and a normal endoscopy. Uninvestigated heartburn-dominant dyspepsia -- characterised by heartburn or acid regurgitation - includes erosive esophagitis or endoscopy-negative reflux disease, and may be treated empirically as GERD without further investigation provided there are no alarm features. Lifestyle modifications are ineffective for frequent or severe GERD symptoms; over-the-counter antacids or histamine H2-receptor antagonists are effective for some patients with mild or infrequent GERD symptoms. Proton pump inhibitors are more effective for healing and symptom relief than histamine H2-receptor antagonists; their efficacy is proportional to their ability to reduce intragastric acidity. Response to initial therapy - a once-daily proton pump inhibitor unless symptoms are mild and infrequent (fewer than three times per week) - should be assessed at four to eight weeks. Maintenance medical therapy should be at the lowest dose and frequency necessary to maintain symptom relief; antireflux surgery is an alternative for a small proportion of selected patients. Routine testing for Helicobacter pylori infection is unnecessary before starting GERD therapy. GERD is associated with Barrett's epithelium and esophageal adenocarcinoma but the risk of malignancy is very low. Endoscopic screening for Barrett's epithelium may be considered in adults with GERD symptoms for more than 10 years; Barrett's epithelium and low-grade dysplasia generally warrant surveillance; endoscopic or surgical management should be considered for confirmed high-grade dysplasia or malignancy.CONCLUSION: Prospective studies are needed to investigate clinically relevant risk factors for the development of GERD and its complications; GERD progression, on and off therapy; optimal management strategies for typical GERD symptoms in primary care patients; and optimal management strategies for atypical GERD symptoms, Barrett's epithelium and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

scholarly journals Practice parameters for the management of single brain metastasis

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack P. Rock ◽  
Stephen Haines ◽  
Lawrence Recht ◽  
Mark Bernstein ◽  
Raymond Sawaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Metastasis ◽  
American Association ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Practice Parameters ◽  
Single Brain Metastasis ◽  
A Charge

Object In January 1998 the Guidelines and Outcomes Committee of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) issued a charge for the development of evidence-based practice parameters focusing on the treatment of patients with single metastasis to the brain. The charge was imposed in response to the significant controversy surrounding questions relating to the optimal management strategies for patients with single brain metastasis. Methods A team consisting of physicians from the AANS, the American Academy of Neurology, and the American Association of Therapeutic Radiation Oncology convened and the literature was reviewed. Methodically drawing from the best of Class I, II, and III levels of available evidence, authors sought to determine how the literature addressed and disposed of the question of the optimal management for an adult with a known history of cancer and a single meta-static brain lesion. Framing the question in this specific manner allowed researchers to focus directly on treatment issues, without having to consider diagnostic issues. Conclusions The results of the evidence-based analysis demonstrated that there was insufficient information to establish standards of care. Data from the literature does, however, support a guideline stating that surgical resection accompanied by whole brain radiation therapy is associated with the best survival rate. Additional lower-quality evidence supports an option for management with radiosurgery.

scholarly journals Myeloproliferative Disease in Pregnancy and Other Management Issues

Hematology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziano Barbui ◽  
Guido Finazzi
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Bleeding Complications ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Myeloproliferative Disease ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Practical Recommendations ◽  
In Pregnancy ◽  
Management Issues

Abstract The goal of this review is to assess the current treatment and outcomes of special clinical situations in patients with myeloproliferative disease (MPD) such as pregnancy, major thrombotic and bleeding complications and surgical interventions. However, only a limited literature to support optimal management strategies is available. Many of the proposed strategies are the results of common sense or derive from the extrapolation of data from other studies not specifically designed to solve these problems. Therefore, practical recommendations to guide clinical decisions in these settings still remain largely empirical.

Benzodiazepines: Dependence and addiction in general practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 656-663
Author(s):  
Denise Gleeson
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Benzodiazepine Dependence ◽  
The Uk

Benzodiazepines are only recommended for short periods (2–4 weeks), yet there is evidence of substantial long-term use across the UK. Poor availability of services is one major challenge in supporting withdrawal. Confusion about terminology can lead to inaccurate or inadequate diagnosis of benzodiazepine dependence and addiction, and sub-optimal management of these patients. This article provides an overview of benzodiazepines, diagnostic criteria and available management strategies.

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