scholarly journals Biological control of pastoral pests using Acremonium spp. endophytes

1994 ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Prestidge ◽  
A.J. Popay ◽  
O.J-P Ball
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Insect Feeding ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Costelytra Zealandica ◽  
Listronotus Bonariensis

Although the role of the endophytic fungus Acremonium lolii in protecting the host plant from attack by insect pests, particularly Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis), is often described in terms of plant resistance, it is a case of classical biological control. Endophytes in commercially available perennial ryegrass cultivars are acting as biological control agents against at least four pest species in New Zealand. Generally, endophyte adversely affects insect stages that feed on the above-ground parts of the plant, particularly those stages that feed near the base of the plant. It is apparent from insect feeding tests that there is no one universal anti-insect metabolite that will adversely affect all pest populations. It is therefore likely that an endophytelgrass combination that produces a cocktail of metabolites at low concentrations may be more useful than a combination that produces a very narrow suite of metabolites. Keywords: Acremonium spp., Listronotus bonariensis, Heteronychus arator, Costelytra zealandica, Wiseana spp., biological control, endophyte

scholarly journals Understanding the Causes and Genetic Effects of Thelytoky in the Aphelinidae: A Key to Improving Biological Control

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Roush ◽  
David Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Micro Organisms

Helytoky is a type of parthenogenesis whereby females produce only female offspring without the involvement of males, even where males are occasionally produced. In the last few years, strong circumstantial evidence has implied that thelytoky can be caused by micro-organisms called Wolbachia in at least some species of wasps. The thelytoky can be "cured" by treatment with antibiotics. Further Wolbachia-like organisms can be found in microscopic examinations and genetically identified through their DNA. The aphelinid wasps, and especially species in the genus Aphytis, are among the most important of all classical biological control agents. Aphytis species are critical in the biological control of scale insect pests in commercial orchards and ornamental plantings. About 30% of Aphytis species are thelytikous, of which we were able to study three in detail. In all three, thelytoky was curable by treatment with antibiotics and Wolbachia were identified morphologically and through their DNA. In contrast, Wolbachia were not detectable in biparental species of Aphytis. Studies of Wolbachia gene sequences obtained from Aphytis showed that they were most closely related to those from a very distantly related wasp, Muscidifurax uniraptor, strongly implying that the Wolbachia can be horizontally transferred. As revealed by electron microscopy, the Wolbachia show a strong association with the nurse and follicle cells of the female wasps.

scholarly journals Hidden arsenal endosymbionts in arthropods their role and possible implications for biological control success

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 204-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. McNeill ◽  
N.K. Richards ◽  
J.A. White ◽  
A. Laugraud
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Clover Root ◽  
Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽  
Insect Biology

Bacterial endosymbionts are common among arthropods including many important pest and beneficial insect species These symbionts provide either an obligate function performing essential reproductive or nutritive roles or are facultative influencing the ecology and evolution of their hosts in ways that are likely to impact biological control This includes resistance against parasitoids and modification to parasitoid fecundity Recent research has shown that endosymbionts are associated with exotic weevil pests found in New Zealand pasture including the clover root weevil Sitona obsoletus (S lepidus) The role of endosymbionts in insect biology and impacts on biological control is reviewed For New Zealand plant protection scientists endosymbiont research capability will provide important insights into interactions among insect pests plant hosts and biological control agents which may provide management opportunities for existing and future pest incursions in New Zealand

Yellow Brazilian Pepper-tree Leaf Galler (suggested common name) Calophya latiforceps Burckhardt (Insecta: Hemiptera: Calophyidae: Calophyinae)

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Cuda ◽  
Patricia Prade ◽  
Carey R. Minteer-Killian
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Pepper Tree ◽  
Brazilian Pepper ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Tree Leaf

In the late 1970s, Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), was targeted for classical biological control in Florida because its invasive properties (see Host Plants) are consistent with escape from natural enemies (Williams 1954), and there are no native Schinus spp. in North America. The lack of native close relatives should minimize the risk of damage to non-target plants from introduced biological control agents (Pemberton 2000). [...]

Releases of biological control agents of insect pests on Easter Island (Pacific Ocean)

Entomophaga ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 40 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 427-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Ripa ◽  
P. S. Rojas ◽  
G. Velasco
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Easter Island ◽  
Biological Control Agents

scholarly journals Entomopathogenic nematodes: can we use the current knowledge on belowground multitrophic interactions in future plant protection programmes? – Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 242-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamarija Jagodič ◽  
Stanislav Trdan ◽  
Žiga Laznik
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Multitrophic Interactions ◽  
Herbivore Attack ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Chemical Stimuli

Plants under herbivore attack emit mixtures of volatiles that can attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are organisms that can be used in the biological control of insect pests. Recent studies have shown that the movement of EPNs is associated with the detection of chemical stimuli from the environment. To date, several compounds that are responsible for the mediation in below ground multitrophic interactions have been identified. In the review, we discuss the use of EPNs in agriculture, the role of belowground volatiles and their use in plant protection programmes.

scholarly journals A history of biological control in Canadian forests, 1882–2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 148 (S1) ◽  
pp. S239-S269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris J.K. MacQuarrie ◽  
D.B. Lyons ◽  
M. Lukas Seehausen ◽  
Sandy M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Forest Pests ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Strategic Implementation ◽  
History Of

AbstractBiological control has been an important tactic in the management of Canadian forests for over a century, but one that has had varied success. Here, we review the history of biological control programmes using vertebrate and invertebrate parasitoids and predators against insects in Canadian forests. Since roughly 1882, 41 insect species have been the target of biological control, with approximately equal numbers of both native and non-native species targeted. A total of 161 species of biological control agents have been released in Canadian forests, spanning most major orders of insects, as well as mites and mammals. Biological control has resulted in the successful suppression of nine pest species, and aided in the control of an additional six species. In this review, we outline the chronological history of major projects across Canadian forests, focussing on those that have had significant influence for the development of biological control. The historical data clearly illustrate a rise and fall in the use of biological control as a tactic for managing forest pests, from its dominance in the 1940s and 1950s to its current low level. The strategic implementation of these biological control programmes, their degree of success, and the challenges faced are discussed, along with the discipline’s shifting relationship to basic science and the environmental viewpoints surrounding its use.

The biology of the ectoparasitoid wasp Eulophus pennicornis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on host larvae of the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Marris ◽  
J.P. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Biased Sex Ratio ◽  
Horticultural Pest ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractThere is a need to identify potential biological control agents for use against noctuid pests in greenhouses. The gregarious ectoparasitoid Eulophus pennicornis (Nees) attacks a limited range of macrolepidopterous larvae, including those of some important horticultural pest species. Laboratory trials designed to investigate the biology of E. pennicornis on larvae of the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea Linnaeus, reveal that wasps preferentially parasitize penulitmate (fifth) or final (sixth) instar hosts. More than two-thirds of wasps lay viable eggs, and individual females oviposit on up to four hosts during their lifespan. Wasp fecundity is high, preadult development is rapid, and offspring show a markedly female-biased sex ratio. Parasitized fifth instar L.oleracea hosts do not grow as quickly as unparasitized larvae, and neither do they undergo normal ecdysis to the final larval stadium. Furthermore, the consumption of artificial diet by parasitized fifth instar hosts is greatly reduced in comparison to that of unparasitized larvae (overall feeding-reduction over a 12 day period was 64.7%). Our results suggest that E. pennicornis affects both the developmental and feeding physiology of host larvae, and that inoculative releases of this parasitoid could provide effective biological control for L. oleracea and other greenhouse pests.

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