scholarly journals A history of biological control in Canadian forests, 1882–2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 148 (S1) ◽  
pp. S239-S269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris J.K. MacQuarrie ◽  
D.B. Lyons ◽  
M. Lukas Seehausen ◽  
Sandy M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Forest Pests ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Strategic Implementation ◽  
History Of

AbstractBiological control has been an important tactic in the management of Canadian forests for over a century, but one that has had varied success. Here, we review the history of biological control programmes using vertebrate and invertebrate parasitoids and predators against insects in Canadian forests. Since roughly 1882, 41 insect species have been the target of biological control, with approximately equal numbers of both native and non-native species targeted. A total of 161 species of biological control agents have been released in Canadian forests, spanning most major orders of insects, as well as mites and mammals. Biological control has resulted in the successful suppression of nine pest species, and aided in the control of an additional six species. In this review, we outline the chronological history of major projects across Canadian forests, focussing on those that have had significant influence for the development of biological control. The historical data clearly illustrate a rise and fall in the use of biological control as a tactic for managing forest pests, from its dominance in the 1940s and 1950s to its current low level. The strategic implementation of these biological control programmes, their degree of success, and the challenges faced are discussed, along with the discipline’s shifting relationship to basic science and the environmental viewpoints surrounding its use.

Effect of fruit and host fly species on the associative learning by Fopius arisanus

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (05) ◽  
pp. 649-658
Author(s):  
A. Monsia ◽  
G.S.B. Mègnigbèto ◽  
D. Gnanvossou ◽  
M.F. Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Bactrocera Dorsalis ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Fopius Arisanus ◽  
Host Fruit ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Odour Learning ◽  
Ceratitis Cosyra

AbstractParasitoids, released in augmentative biological control programmes, which display a rapid host-location capacity, have a higher likelihood of successfully controlling target pest species. By learning to associate sensory cues to a suitable oviposition site, might parasitoids used as biological control agents, locate hosts more rapidly, and perhaps increase the efficacity of e.g. Tephritidae fruit fly management. We studied associative learning of Fopius arisanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and tested its range of learning in natural and conditional hosts and host fruits, i.e. Bactrocera dorsalis, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, Ceratitis capitata and Ceratitis cosyra (Diptera: Tephritidae) and on fruits (papaya, tomato, banana). Naïve female F. arisanus were compared with experienced wasps, which had been offered infested and non-infested fruit, and been allowed to oviposit. Preferences for olfactory cues from infested fruits were thereafter assessed in a two-choice olfactometer. Naïve and trained parasitoids preference differed in general and non-responders to infested fruits were higher among naïve parasitoids. The trained wasps preferred the fruit infested in the training more than the control fruit, for all combination, except when C. cosyra infested the fruits, hence avoidance behavioural response was observed towards the odour of the infested fruit. Fopius arisanus was capable of behaviourally respond to the learned information, e.g. associative odour learning was achieved, yet limited depending on interaction level, fruit fly and fruit combination. To create F. arisanus preference of an associated odour, it might hence be needed to ensure oviposition in perceived suitable host and host fruit, for the parasitoid learning to become favourable in a biological control setup.

The biology of the ectoparasitoid wasp Eulophus pennicornis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on host larvae of the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Marris ◽  
J.P. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Artificial Diet ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Biased Sex Ratio ◽  
Horticultural Pest ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractThere is a need to identify potential biological control agents for use against noctuid pests in greenhouses. The gregarious ectoparasitoid Eulophus pennicornis (Nees) attacks a limited range of macrolepidopterous larvae, including those of some important horticultural pest species. Laboratory trials designed to investigate the biology of E. pennicornis on larvae of the tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea Linnaeus, reveal that wasps preferentially parasitize penulitmate (fifth) or final (sixth) instar hosts. More than two-thirds of wasps lay viable eggs, and individual females oviposit on up to four hosts during their lifespan. Wasp fecundity is high, preadult development is rapid, and offspring show a markedly female-biased sex ratio. Parasitized fifth instar L.oleracea hosts do not grow as quickly as unparasitized larvae, and neither do they undergo normal ecdysis to the final larval stadium. Furthermore, the consumption of artificial diet by parasitized fifth instar hosts is greatly reduced in comparison to that of unparasitized larvae (overall feeding-reduction over a 12 day period was 64.7%). Our results suggest that E. pennicornis affects both the developmental and feeding physiology of host larvae, and that inoculative releases of this parasitoid could provide effective biological control for L. oleracea and other greenhouse pests.

The history of, and prospects for, the biological control of Chromolaena odorata (Compositae) by Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros and allies (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. W. Cock ◽  
J. D. Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Arctiid Moth ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
Pareuchaetes Pseudoinsulata ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Tropics

AbstractChromolaena odorata is a tropical American species of the Compositae that has become a serious problem in plantations in the tropics of Asia and Africa. The history of attempts to control it using the arctiid moth Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros (misidentified in previous literature as Ammalo insulata (Wlk.)) is summarised. The taxonomy and distributions of the five species in Pareuchaetes are presented, together with keys based on genitalic characters, three new synonyms and one new combination. Information on the biogeography and ecology of the Pareuchaetes species is used to assess their potential as biological control agents.

Classical biological control of an invasive forest pest: a world perspective of the management ofSirex noctiliousing the parasitoidIbalia leucospoides(Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fischbein ◽  
J.C. Corley
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sirex Noctilio ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
History Of

AbstractClassical biological control is a key method for managing populations of pests in long-lived crops such as plantation forestry. The execution of biological control programmes in general, as the evaluation of potential natural enemies remains, to a large extent, an empirical endeavour. Thus, characterizing specific cases to determine patterns that may lead to more accurate predictions of success is an important goal of the much applied ecological research. We review the history of introduction, ecology and behaviour of the parasitoidIbalia leucospoides. The species is a natural enemy ofSirex noctilio, one of the most important pests of pine afforestation worldwide. We use an invasion ecology perspective given the analogy between the main stages involved in classical biological control and the biological invasion processes. We conclude that success in the establishment, a common reason of failure in biocontrol, is not a limiting factor of success byI. leucospoides. A mismatch between the spread capacity of the parasitoid and that of its host could nevertheless affect control at a regional scale. In addition, we suggest that given its known life history traits, this natural enemy may be a better regulator than suppressor of the host population. Moreover, spatial and temporal refuges of the host population that may favour the local persistence of the interaction probably reduce the degree to whichS. noctiliopopulation is suppressed by the parasitoid. We emphasize the fact that some of the biological attributes that promote establishment may negatively affect suppression levels achieved. Studies on established non-native pest–parasitoid interactions may contribute to defining selection criteria for classical biological control which may prove especially useful in integrated pest management IPM programmes of invasive forest insects.

scholarly journals The Threat of Pests and Pathogens and the Potential for Biological Control in Forest Ecosystems

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1579
Author(s):  
Amel Balla ◽  
Allaoua Silini ◽  
Hafsa Cherif-Silini ◽  
Ali Chenari Bouket ◽  
Warren Keith Moser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Microbial Inoculants ◽  
Forest Pests ◽  
Land Use Conversion ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Forests are an essential component of the natural environment, as they support biodiversity, sequester carbon, and play a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles—in addition to producing organic matter that is necessary for the function of terrestrial organisms. Forests today are subject to threats ranging from natural occurrences, such as lightning-ignited fires, storms, and some forms of pollution, to those caused by human beings, such as land-use conversion (deforestation or intensive agriculture). In recent years, threats from pests and pathogens, particularly non-native species, have intensified in forests. The damage, decline, and mortality caused by insects, fungi, pathogens, and combinations of pests can lead to sizable ecological, economic, and social losses. To combat forest pests and pathogens, biocontrol may be an effective alternative to chemical pesticides and fertilizers. This review of forest pests and potential adversaries in the natural world highlights microbial inoculants, as well as research efforts to further develop biological control agents against forest pests and pathogens. Recent studies have shown promising results for the application of microbial inoculants as preventive measures. Other studies suggest that these species have potential as fertilizers.

How can progress in the understanding of antagonistic interactions be applied to improve biological control of plant invasions?

2020 ◽  
pp. 363-376
Author(s):  
Martin P. Hill ◽  
Julie A. Coetzee
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Plant Defences ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Weed Biological Control ◽  
Invasive Alien Plant ◽  
Invasive Shrub ◽  
Rapid Induction ◽  
Control Programmes

Abstract Classical biological control has been used as a management tool for invasive non-native plant species globally for over 200 years. There have been some very successful programmes, most notably on waterweeds, cacti and seed reduction in perennial trees. Seventy per cent of agents released have established in at least one instance, and 66% of the targeted invasive species have showed some level of control. However, some programmes have failed to meet expectations, for example on Lantana camara. The most commonly cited reasons for the failure of establishment or limited efficacy of biological control agents are unsuitable climatic conditions and genotype incompatibility. We propose that antagonistic biotic interactions play a significant role in the outcomes of weed biological control programmes. Induced plant defences (physical and chemical) that can be mounted rapidly by the invasive non-native plants can result in the reduction in agent populations after initial attack. Rapid induction of plant defences have been implicated in the lack of long-term establishment of the agent Falconia intermedia that showed great initial promise against the widespread invasive shrub L. camara. Host range expansion by native natural enemies onto biological control agents have also been shown to reduce population growth of agents. Finally, competition from indigenous plant species aids invasive alien plant population reduction in the presence of herbivory. All three factors have been poorly studied and further work is needed to better explain the outcomes of weed biological control programmes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Two Decades of Cryphonectria parasitica Hypovirus Introduction in an American Chestnut Stand in Wisconsin

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 702-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Double ◽  
Andrew M. Jarosz ◽  
Dennis W. Fulbright ◽  
Anita Davelos Baines ◽  
William L. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility ◽  
American Chestnut ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
History Of Disease ◽  
History Of

Hypovirus-infected Cryphonectria parasitica strains were introduced in a large stand of American chestnut (>4,000 individuals) in western Wisconsin (USA) to evaluate whether hypoviruses can serve as biological control agents. They were deployed by treating cankers from 1992 to 1997 and again from 2004 to 2014. After 17 years of hypovirus introductions within an area of the stand with the longest history of disease, isolation of hypovirus-infected strains increased from 55% in 1994 to 86% in 2014 from cankers that were treated. During the same period, isolation from cankers that arose on trees with treated cankers increased from 29 to 72% and from 15 to 84% for cankers on nearby trees that received no treatment. Tree survivorship over the 23-year study period for trees with treated cankers was 51% compared with 31% for trees that were not treated. Introduction of hypovirus has resulted in the regrowth of the crowns of many large-diameter trees. Putative recovery of American chestnut in this stand provides evidence that prolonged hypovirus treatment can act as a biological control when limited numbers of vegetative compatibility types of C. parasitica exist.

Pests of Field Crops and Pastures

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Tropical Pasture ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Crop Pests ◽  
Beneficial Insects ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Risk Period

This comprehensive handbook on economic entomology for Australian field crops and pastures is the first of its kind. It encompasses pests and beneficial insects as well as allied forms of importance in Australian agriculture. Organised by commodities – such as cereals, sugar and tropical pasture legumes – it examines all the pest species for a particular commodity across Australia. Identification, distribution, damage, host range, biology, risk period and monitoring techniques are described for each entry, accompanied by useful illustrations. The book also describes introduced biological control agents that effectively control crop pests. Pests of Field Crops and Pastures will be a useful tool in crop management for progressive farmers, agronomists, agricultural consultants and academics alike.

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