scholarly journals Management and productivity of white clover in a kikuyu grass sward in subtropical Australia

1995 ◽  
pp. 199-201
Author(s):  
W.J. Fulkerson ◽  
M. Reeves
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Pennisetum Clandestinum ◽  
Defoliation Treatment ◽  
Kikuyu Grass ◽  
Grass Sward ◽  
Heavy Infestation ◽  
Subtropical Australia

This plot-cut study, on heavy clay soil, evaluated the establishment, productivity and persistence of Haifa white clover (Trifolium repens) in a vigorous sward of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum). Defoliation treatments were 5 or 12 cm stubble height in spring and 14 days or "when ready" (lower leaves beginning to senesce) in spring and autumn. Over the 2t/2 years of the study and under optimal defoliation treatment (5 cm stubble height in spring and at the "when ready" defoliation interval in spring and autumn), total yield of forage was 19 952 kg DMfha/yr, of which 57% was white clover. The reason for the loss of vigour of white clover in year 3 is not clear. It may have been due to the heavy infestation of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne or to defoliation management over the second summer, or both. Management at the transition phases between the two pastures (early autumn and late spring) is critical to success and is explained in the light of farmer experience. Keywords: defoliation management, Pennisetum clandestinum, subtropics, Trifolium repens

Nutrients in ryegrass (Lolium spp.), white clover (Trifolium repens) and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures in relation to season and stage of regrowth in a subtropical environment

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
K. Slack ◽  
D. W. Hennessy ◽  
G. M. Hough
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Pennisetum Clandestinum ◽  
Tiller Stage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Kikuyu Grass

Summary. On the subtropical north coast of New South Wales, Australia, kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum), biennial ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and mixed perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)–white clover (Trifolium repens) pastures grazed by dairy cows were plucked pregrazing to simulated grazing height, every 2 weeks for 2 years to determine seasonal changes in various nutrients and in sacco organic matter and nitrogen (N) degradability. Changes in nutrients during regrowth were determined in the ryegrass component of a mixed perennial ryegrass–white clover pasture by sequentially cutting pasture at 3- or 4-day intervals to 5 cm stubble height and non-structural carbohydrates in kikuyu by cutting at 4-day intervals in February–March. There was a significant effect of season on water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein (CP) content of perennial ryegrass with regrowth time, resulting in an 8-fold fall in the CP : WSC ratio from the 1 to 3 leaves/tiller stage of regrowth in mid winter, a 2-fold difference in mid spring but with no discernible difference in late spring. The metabolisable energy (ME) values for biennial ryegrass exceeded 11.9 MJ/kg dry matter (DM) from July to September and then fell markedly to <10 MJ/kg DM in November, coinciding with reproductive development. In perennial ryegrass–white clover pastures, mean ME was above 11 MJ/kg DM from May to September, but fell to < 9 MJ/kg DM in December while in kikuyu, the mean ME, over the recognised growing season, was 8.5 MJ/kg DM but in winter it was 9.5 MJ/kg DM. Fibre content in all pasture types showed a significant seasonal trend with the content of acid detergent fibre (ADF) in biennial ryegrass at 17% from May to August while the mean neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content was 37%. In perennial ryegrass–white clover, the mean ADF was <21% from May to August. The NDF content of kikuyu grass was about 60% during the growing season but 40% in winter. The calcium (Ca) : phosphorus (P) ratio in perennial ryegrass rose from <1 : 1 at the 1 leaf/tiller stage to 2.2 : 1 at the 3 leaves/tiller stage of regrowth due to a simultaneous fall in P and a rise in Ca. A fall in potassium (K) and a rise in magnesium (Mg) and Ca content in perennial ryegrass gave a very significant linear fall in K/(Mg + Ca), on a percentage basis, from 8 at the 1 leaf/tiller stage of regrowth, to 2.5 at the 3 leaves/tiller stage of regrowth. In kikuyu, the level of P changed significantly with season falling as the species became dormant. A fall in P and a rise in Ca content resulted in a high Ca : P ratio (2.5 : 1) in spring. The findings of this study give some insight into the reason why the content of various nutrients change in pasture and the implication of this for providing a balanced diet to dairy cows. A knowledge of these changes should provide the opportunity to balance nutrients in pasture by adjusting time of grazing and/or providing supplements of appropriate quality.

Third generation progress in breeding white clover for resistance to root-knot nematode

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 163-166
Author(s):  
J. Van den Bosch ◽  
C.F. Mercer
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Meloidogyne Sp

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne sp.) reduces growth and nutrition of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in New Zealand, and breeding resistant cultivars (with low galls per gram of root) is the preferred control method. Resistant and susceptible selections were bred from a wide range of white clover lines for three generations. In the third generation there were significant differences between seed lines from the selections for number of galls, root dry weight, visual growth score and galls/gram of root dry weight. Resistant selections had 43% of the susceptible selections' galls per gram, and 50% of the number of galls. Germplasm showing resistance to Meloidogyne spp. in the USA showed partial resistance to the local Meloidogyne sp. Two resistant and two susceptible genotypes were also compared for nematode egg production; resistant genotypes had a mean of 3,460 eggs/plant, compared to 25,030 for susceptible genotypes. Keywords: breeding, Meloidogyne sp., resistance, rootknot nematode, screening, selection, Trifolium repens, white clover

A comparison of silages made from red clover/grass, white clover/grass and high nitrogen grass swards for beef production

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Stewart ◽  
I. I. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Grass Sward

ABSTRACTSilage cut twice annually (June and August) from a tetraploid red clover/grass sward and three times annually (May, July and September) from a low nitrogen (N) and high N perennial ryegrass/white clover sward was fed in proportion to dry-matter yield from each cut, over a 10-week period, each winter for 3 years to castrated male cattle of initial live weight 401 kg in year 1 and 425 kg in years 2 and 3. The silages were supplemented with 0, 1, 2 and 3 kg concentrate per head daily.Total dry-matter yield from the red clover/grass sward was similar to that from the perennial ryegrass/white clover sward (high N grass) receiving 360 kg N per ha but the digestibility, particularly of first cut material was much lower. Dry-matter production of the low N grass/white clover sward was 0·73 of high N grass sward and produced silages of similar digestibility and fermentation.Dry-matter intakes by the cattle were higher on the legume-based silages in years when clover made a worthwhile contribution to total yield, but this did not significantly improve utilization or animal performance compared with high N grass silage. Mean daily carcass gain per head on red clover/grass silage was 0·41 kg which was significantly less than the 0·61 kg on white clover/grass silage and 0·59 on high N grass (P < 0·001). Carcass output from red clover/grass silage was 618 kg/ha and 629 kg/ha from white clover/grass, both of which were significantly less than the 863 kg/ha from the high N grass silage (P < 0·001). Dressing proportion was also significantly poorer in animals fed red clover/grass silage compared with the other silage types.

Studies on the cutting management of grass-clover swards. III. The effects of prolonged close and lax cutting on herbage yields and quality

1962 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Reid
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Grass Sward ◽  
Strip Grazing

1. The effects of two heights of cutting—down to either 1 in. or 2–2½ in. from ground level—on herbage yields were studied for five seasons with a perennial rye-grass-white clover mixture and for three seasons with a timothy-white clover mixture. Superimposed on these height-of-cutting treatments were treatments simulating strip grazing with and without a back-fence, and also three fertilizer nitrogen treatments.2. Over the 5-year period the rye-grass mixture consistently gave greater dry-matter and crude-protein yields of herbage when cut to 1 in. than it did when cut to 2–2½ in. from ground level, the mean dry-matter yield difference being 34%. The decline in the total yield per season with increasing age of the grass sward was similar under both heights of cutting.3. The effects of the height-of-cutting treatments on the timothy mixture were similar to those noted on the rye-grass mixture in the first three seasons of the experiment, but in the third year the beneficial effects of close cutting were much reduced. It is suggested that this resulted from the rest period between cuts being insufficient for timothy to recover fully from the close defoliation.4. The effects of the height-of-cutting treatments on the botanical composition of the sward were slight, particularly on plots of the rye-grass mixture.5. Possible factors leading to the observed effects of the height-of-cutting treatments are discussed with reference to the results of other workers and to the results from a preliminary study of the differential effects of the treatments on stem and leaf formation in perennial rye-grass.6. A simulation of strip grazing with and without a back-fence showed that the herbage yields from both seeds mixtures under both height-of-cutting treatments were considerably reduced by the removal of the regrowth which could take place in the absence of a back-fence.7. The effects of delaying the first nitrogenoua fertilizer application of the season noted in an earlier experiment were fully confirmed in this experiment.

scholarly journals Transcription of Biotic Stress Associated Genes in White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) Differs in Response to Cyst and Root-Knot Nematode Infection

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e0137981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afsana Islam ◽  
Chris F. Mercer ◽  
Susanna Leung ◽  
Paul P. Dijkwel ◽  
Michael T. McManus
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Nematode Infection ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Trifolium Repens L

Effect of sward surface height of mixed swards of ryegrass/white clover on the intake and performance by ewes and their twin lambs

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 37-37
Author(s):  
R.J. Orr ◽  
P.D. Penning ◽  
A.J. Parsons ◽  
T.T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Grass Sward

Mixed swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. S23) and white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Huia) were maintained at sward surface heights (SSH) of 3 (GC3), 6 (GC6) and 9 cm (GC9) by continuous variable stocking to examine effects on sward and animal performance. In addition, a pure grass sward of S23 was kept at 6 cm (G6) and fertilized with 14 applications of 30 kg N per ha at fortnightly intervals, beginning on 25 March. The swards were sown in August 1983, cut twice in 1984, in May and June, and then grazed thereafter. Fertilizer was applied to the seedbed at 40 kg N per ha, 20 kg P205 per ha and 20 kg K20 per ha. In March 1984 and 1985, 20 kg per ha each of P205 and K2O were applied to all plots.Dry sheep grazed the paddocks (0.69 ha) to the required SSH's with grazing starting on 4 April, 9 April, 12 April and 24 April for treatments GC3, G6, GC6 and GC9, respectively. On 24 April, two days after lambing, core groups of 8 Scottish Halfbred ewes with twin lambs were put on the plots. Additional ewes, kept on swards similar to the treatment areas, were used to adjust the stocking rate to maintain the SSH's. These were measured three times each week with 200 readings per plot.

The influence of grazing on the botanical composition of an irrigated pasture at Lawes, south-east Queensland

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (14) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
FH Kleinschmidt
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Weekly Treatment ◽  
Trifolium Repens L

An irrigated mixed pasture of short rotation ryegrass (Lolium multiflorium x L. perenne) Phalaris tuberosa L. and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) was grazed at six- and eight-weekly intervals and at six-weekly intervals with two summer grazings omitted. Yields of the components were measured for three years. Short rotation ryegrass contributed very little to yield after its first flush of growth following sowing. At the end of the three years, short rotation ryegrass in the six-weekly grazing treatment was contributing six per cent of the total yield, two per cent in the eight-weekly treatment, and one per cent in the rested treatment. Resting for eighteen weeks in summer favoured the development of Phalaris and hence reduced clover dominance. At the end of three years, Phalaris was contributing forty-four per cent of the total yield in the rested treatment and twenty-three and thirty-seven per cent in the six-weekly and eight-weekly grazing treatments.

scholarly journals A SURVEY OF ROOT KNOT AND CLOVER CYST NEMATODES IN DRY HILL COUNTRY

1986 ◽  
pp. 267-271
Author(s):  
C.F. Mercer ◽  
D.R. Woodfield
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
The North ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Meloidogyne Spp ◽  
Meloidogyne Sp

Clover cyst nematode (Heterodera trifolii Goffart, 1932) and root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) were found throughout summer-dry hill country in the North Island. Clover cyst nematode was found at 50% of sites in the corresponding South Island hill country regions sampled but no root knot nematode was found at South Island sites. The implication for white clover breeding programmes is discussed. Keywords: Pasture, dry hill country, clover cyst nematode, root knot nematode, Heterodera trifolii, Meloidogyne sp., white clover, Trifolium repens.

THE PERFORMANCE OF S170 TALL FESCUE IN CANTERBURY

1974 ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
B.R. Watkin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Selection Of

AN Aberystwyth selection of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), known as S170, was sown with certified New Zealand white clover (Trifolium repens) and re' clover (T. pratense) and compared under sheep grazing with other grass/clover pastures at the Grasslands Division Regional Station at Lincoln (Watkin, 1975) .

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document