scholarly journals THE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF WORLD EXPORT AND THE FORECAST OF IT

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Viktorija Tauraitė
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Export ◽  
United States Mexico ◽  
Key Aspects

Relevance of the research.The allocation of world export between countries, groups of countries isrelevant not onlyat thetheoretical level butat thepracticallevel,too. Benefit of export isemphasizedforboththe economic growth ofacountry, development and individualentrepreneurs (Jatuliavičienė, 2009). Theimportance of the dynamic analysis of the World export can be justified on the basis of empirical research. Forexample, World Trade Organization (2015) analyses the key tendencies of international trade in 1995–2014,United Nations ConferenceonTrade and Development (2015) also investigates the key aspects of internationaltrade, statistics,etc.In 2015, N. Halevi(2015)exploresthe characteristics of export, its volume,etc.,between20 OECD countries in 2007 and other research. Hence, it is important to continue the analysis of world exporttendencies inthepast, present and future.The object of the researchis the world’s export.The problem of the research:howdidthe world’sexport changein11 countries, group of countries at pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis periods and what are thefuture perspectives in the context of export?The aim of the researchis to carry outthe analysis ofthe world’s export dynamicsin11 countries(EU28, Russia, Canada, the United States, Mexico, Brazil, China (except Hong Kong), Japan, South Korea,India, Singapore)in2 aspects: (1) time (pre-crisis(2002–2007), crisis(2008–2010)and post-crisis(2011–2014)periods); (2) countries, group of countries. Furthermore, the aim is to provideaforecast of the world’sexport in 2015. In order toachievethe aim, we formulated3 main tasks of the research:1)to present the methodology of the research, providing study limitations;2)to carry out the world’s export dynamic analysis and present the forecast of it;3)tosummarizethe main points of the dynamic analysis identifying the potential directions for futureresearch.According to previous studies (e.g. United Nations ConferenceonTrade and Development,2015;World Trade Organization, 2015 et al.), this research is carried out by usingtwo methods: comparativestatistical analysis and forecast. The novelty of this research is related with the methodology of this research:the dynamic analysis is carried outin2ways: by the aspect of time (pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis periods);(2) by the aspect of countries, group of countries. The secondary data of Eurostat database (2002–2014) wereused in this article.Outcomes and conclusions.It was found that the volume of the export was decreasing in post-crisisperiod and in the future (2015). The opposite trend (export was increasing) was observed in pre-crisis period.On the other hand, the world’s export was increasing in EU28, Russia, South Korea, India, China, Brazil in2002–2014. Moreover,itwas found out that the world’s export was decreasing in Canada, USA, Mexico,Singapore and Japan in 2002–2014.

Reform, Resist, Create

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Security Council ◽  
World Trade ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
Political Obligation ◽  
Global System ◽  
The World ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
Individual Duties

While there have been numerous recent analyses of the legitimacy of suprastate governance institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) or United Nations Security Council, few accounts have considered individual duties in relation to those institutions, broadly analogous to suprastate political obligation. Identified in this chapter are three categories of duties that should be salient to a range of institutions. These include duties to support their reform, to resist specific institutional features or practices, and to reject the continued operation of some institutions and support the creation of alternate ones. These duties would correspond roughly to how well an institution would appear to fit into a global institutional scheme that actually would fulfill cosmopolitan aims for rights promotion and protections and related global moral goods. An implication is that the current global system itself is a candidate for rejection, given its inherent tendencies toward the gross underfulfillment of individual rights.

scholarly journals WTO Panel Rules Against U.S. Claim that Tariffs on Chinese Goods Are Justified as Necessary to Protect “Public Morals”

2021 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-124
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
The U.S

On September 15, 2020, a World Trade Organization (WTO) panel ruled that certain tariffs the United States imposed on Chinese products violated Articles I (most-favored-nation) and II (tariff bindings) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The panel rejected the U.S. attempt to invoke a “public morals” defense pursuant to GATT Article XX, holding that although countries receive substantial deference in defining “public morals,” the United States failed to prove that the tariffs were necessary to achieve its stated public morals objective.

scholarly journals UPAYA MELAWAN PANDEMI COVID-19 DI INDONESIA, STUDI KASUS FASILITAS KEPABEANAN DAN PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Marsanto Adi Nurcahyo ◽  
Ario Seno Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
International Trade ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Good Practices ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Slowdown

The covid-19 pandemic has caused a global economic slowdown. Trade institutions and customs institutions provide facilities that are expected to encourage the economy not to fall into a sharp decline. The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Customs Organization (WCO) as world organizations that regulate the movement of goods between countries have also issued instructions for their member countries to deal with this pandemic situation. This study aims to determine how the implementation of customs facilities and international trade during this pandemic. The research method used is a qualitative research method with descriptive techniques. The data used in this study are secondary data such as reports, research, and guidelines. The results of the study show that Indonesia has implemented customs facilities and international trade during this pandemic. This is following the guidelines published by the WTO and WCO, which are world organizations related to international trade. Programs carried out by Indonesia are also carried out by other countries which are good practices in international trade activities. The implication of this research is to recommend the customs institution to continue to increase cooperation with other border agencies in the form of coordinated border management..   Pandemi covid-19 telah membuat perlambatan ekonomi secara global. Institusi perdagangan dan institusi kepabeanan memberikan fasilitas yang tujuannya diharapkan dapat mendorong perekonomian tidak jatuh dalam penurunan yang tajam. World Trade Organization (WTO) dan World Customs Oganization (WCO) selaku organisasi dunia yang mengatur pergerakan barang antar negara juga telah mengeluarkan petunjuk bagi negara anggotanya untuk menghadapi situasi pandemi ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana implementasi fasilitas kepabeanan dan perdagangan internasional dalam masa pandemi ini. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik deskriptif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder seperti laporan, penelitian, dan buku petunjuk. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia telah mengimplementasikan fasilitas kepabeanan dan perdagangan internasional selama masa pandemi ini. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan panduan yang diterbitkan oleh WTO dan WCO yang merupakan badan dunia terkait dengan perdagangan internasional. Program yang dilakukan Indonesia juga dilakukan oleh negara lain yang merupakan good practices pada kegiatan perdagangan internasional. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah merekomendasikan kepada institusi kepabeanan agar terus meningkatkan Kerjasama dengan badan perbatasan lainnya dalam bentuk coordinated border management.  

Can Multilevel Trade Governance Protect Global Public Goods without Constitutional Restraints?

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-142
Author(s):  
Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Multilevel Governance ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Global Democracy ◽  
Governance Institutions

Legal history confirms that general interests of citizens can be protected most effectively through ‘democratic’ and ‘republican constitutionalism’ protecting constitutional rights and remedies of citizens and of their democratic and judicial institutions to hold governments accountable for providing public goods (PGs). Yet, the United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO), and related multilevel governance institutions do not effectively protect general interests and corresponding rights of citizens. The inadequate legal, democratic, and judicial accountability of intergovernmental power politics entails that – outside Europe’s multilevel ‘common market constitutionalism’ and ‘human rights constitutionalism’ – many governance institutions fail to protect transnational PGs effectively. This contribution explains why – even if ‘global democracy’ remains a utopia – today’s universal recognition of ‘inalienable’ human rights and of related constitutional principles requires re-interpreting the power-oriented ‘international law of states’ as multilevel governance of transnational PGs for the benefit of citizens and their constitutional rights.

Policy Question: When Should Personal Data Cross Borders?

2021 ◽  
pp. 200-205
Author(s):  
Kieron O’Hara
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Policy Question

This chapter examines the flow of data across borders, in order to support the digital economy. Governments are increasingly treating data as a national asset, which will give economic advantages to foreign companies, while compromising the privacy of citizens. India and other nations in the developing world are concerned that they will be reduced to providing data as raw material and will be forced to import high-value services from tech companies in the United States and China, rather than developing their own digital economies. Initiatives using World Trade Organization agreements to coordinate global trade in data, supported by China and the United States, are examined, but they have not persuaded sceptics, leading to accusations of neo-colonialism. India is leading the holdouts, which may influence the Internet’s future. The ideologies underlying the Four Internets are compared with respect to their views of flows of data.

A Story Half Told—Selective Benefit Assessment in the New US CVD Rule for Exchange Rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 907-928
Author(s):  
Jaemin Lee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
The One

ABSTRACT The new countervailing duty proceeding rule of the United States on exchange rates aims to address currency undervaluation through a subsidy tool under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. As there is no prohibition in the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) making macro-economic policies off-limits from the reach of subsidy norms, exchange rates can be subject to countervailing duty proceedings. However, there are specific requirements to be met under the ASCM and World Trade Organization jurisprudence. Most notably, the new countervailing duty proceeding rule arguably fails to meet the ‘benefit’ analysis requirements. It takes into account the effect that negatively weighs on foreign exporters subject to a countervailing duty proceeding while ignoring the one that positively weighs. This skewed benefit analysis of selective nature is difficult to sustain under the ASCM and its jurisprudence. A more detailed and thorough benefit analysis is needed to make this new scheme work in a World Trade Organization (WTO)–consistent manner. The new countervailing duty rule showcases structural problems addressing macro-economic policies through a subsidy framework.

scholarly journals India – Measures Affecting the Automotive Sector

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (S1) ◽  
pp. 158-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Bagwell ◽  
Alan O. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Automotive Sector ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

This study addresses the disputes brought to the World Trade Organization (WTO) by the European Communities and the United States concerning certain Indian measures affecting the importation of automobiles and components in the form of “completely knocked down” (CKD) and “semi-knocked down” (SKD) kits. The measures in question originated during a time when India employed extensive import licensing requirements, ostensibly for balance of payments purposes. India’s broad licensing regime was challenged in 1997 by the European Communities and the United States, resulting in a settlement with the European Communities and a ruling in favor of the United States pursuant to which India agreed to abolish its import licensing system. Some restrictions in the automotive sector remained, however,which became the subject of this proceeding.

scholarly journals Competitividade das exportações brasileiras e colombianas de café

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 646-667
Author(s):  
Leonardo Sangoi Copetti ◽  
Daniel Arruda Coronel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
States Department ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The United Nations

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de analisar a competitividade das exportações brasileiras no mercado mundial do café, entre 2000 a 2018, em comparação ao terceiro produtor e exportador mundial, a Colômbia. Os dados foram coletados no site do USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), do UN COMTRADE (United Nations Comtrade), da FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) e da WTO (World Trade Organization). A metodologia empregada baseou-se no Índice de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada Simétrica (VCRS), na Razão de Concentração (CR), e no Índice de Orientação Regional (IOR). Os resultados revelaram que tanto o Brasil quanto a Colômbia apresentaram vantagens comparativas para o café. Em relação à CR, o Brasil apresentou concentração e a Colômbia, desconcentração das exportações. O IOR indicou orientação das exportações de café do Brasil à Alemanha, à Itália, e aos Estados Unidos. Já o IOR da Colômbia apresentou orientação das exportações de café aos Estados Unidos, à Alemanha e ao Japão. Palavras-Chave: Café. Competitividade. Exportações. Comércio Internacional.

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