Communists and Social Democrats in the 1919 Hungarian Soviet Republic

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Gángó
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Marxist Theory ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Central European ◽  
Hungarian Revolution ◽  
The Social ◽  
Hungarian State

The abortive or briefly successful Central European revolutions after World War I have mostly been perceived as efforts to export Bolshevism beyond Russia´s borders. This is particularly misleading in regard to the Hungarian revolution, a much more complex phenomenon than has commonly been assumed. This chapter analyzes the events of 1918-1919 in detail and shows that there was no ready-made model that could be transferred from Russia to Hungary. Moreover, the role of the Social Democrats in the revolution was far too important for it to be labelled a Bolshevik one, and the revolutionary government had to deal with specific problems concerning the survival and retrenchment of the Hungarian state after the downfall of the Habsburg monarchy. The last section briefly analyses one of the most significant twentieth-century works on Marxist theory, Lukács‘s History and Class Consciousness, written as a postscript to the Hungarian revolution.

To Serve with Words, Letters and Deeds - The First Stage of the Református Család (Reformed Family) Magazine’s Publication (1929-1944)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-126
Author(s):  
Sarolta Püsök
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Crisis Period ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
Hungarian Revolution ◽  
The People ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The 19Th Century

" The study firstly addresses the crisis period, which made the creation of the periodical necessary. The first issue was published in 1929, but our time travel to understand the era needs to take us back at least to the 19th century since the roots of the crisis can be found there: the defeat of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848; the worker optimism following the 1867 Austro-Hungarian Compromise, which, in addition to spectacular results, further deepened the economic and ethnic gap between the various strata of the population; the people-centred, fickle ideological basis of theological liberalism; the horrors of World War I, the Republic of Councils of Hungary, the Treaty of Trianon. The second main topic outlines one of the successful areas of crisis management, i.e. the domestic mission aspirations unfolding in the Transylvanian Reformed Church District: the role of theology professors, Vécs Society, associations mobilizing certain strata of church members, and related press releases and press products. The third chapter presents the first release period of Református Család from 1929 to 1944: objectives of the periodical, columns, readers, editors-writers. Keywords: the Hungarian Reformed community in Transylvania, crisis period, home/domestic mission, Transylvanian Reformed Women’s Association (1928–1944), Református Család periodical (1929–1944)."

The Myth of the Pro-Colonialist SPD: German Social Democracy and Imperialism before World War I

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens-Uwe Guettel
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
World War ◽  
German Empire ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Domestic Reform

In his seminalThe German Empire, published in German in 1973, historian Hans-Ulrich Wehler posited that in respect to the German Empire's colonial policies only the SPD, unlike all other political parties, “retained its capacity to take a critical view on matters of principle.” Moreover, in Wehler's view, the SPD's critical stance on this and many other political questions along with the party's massive electoral gains in the 1912 parliamentary elections precipitated a situation in the years immediately preceding the Great War that prompted the German Empire's “old elites” to bet increasingly on a major military conflict to solve the Empire's internal political tensions (“leap into darkness”). Thus in Wehler's view the Social Democrats contributed in no small part to Imperial Germany's perceived domestic crisis, which prompted the infamous “old elites” to choose war over domestic reform in 1914.

Social Continuity and Political Radicalization: Essen in the World War I Era

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-69
Author(s):  
Eric D. Weitz
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Coal Mines ◽  
Social Democratic Party ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
German Republic

In the reichstag election of June 1920, Germany’s Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) more than doubled its 1919 vote, while the Social Democratic Party (SPD) declined precipitously. Coming only nineteen months after the establishment of a German republic, the election indicated widespread discontent with the governments led by the Social Democrats, who had assumed power in November 1918. In Essen, located in the center of the Ruhr and dominated by coal mines and the giant Krupp works, the SPD was almost eliminated as a political force (Essen, Amt für Statistik und Wahlen, n.d.).

A Golden Combination: The Formation of Monetary Policy in Sweden after World War I

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-579
Author(s):  
MARTIN ERIKSSON
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Political Support ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
Policy Context ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Early Return ◽  
The Social ◽  
Combined Impact

From a European perspective, what sets apart the Swedish return to the gold standard at prewar parity in 1924 is not only that it occurred before that of every other nation, including the United Kingdom, but also that it could be made by politicians without interference from the central bank. Against this background, it is argued that this decision may be related to the combined impact of two political positions that affected policy making in a crucial way. In a domestic policy context in which minority governments needed support from other parties to realize their political ambitions, the Social Democrats and Conservatives both developed separate positions in favor of an early return of the gold standard during the first part of the 1920s. Because these parties together formed a majority in both chambers of Parliament, a stable political support for a return of the gold standard could thereby emerge.

The Battle over National Schooling in Bohemia and the Czech and German National School Associations: A Comparison (1880–1914)

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 173-192
Author(s):  
Mikuláš Zvánovec
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Mass Mobilization ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Local Organizations ◽  
National School ◽  
The Social ◽  
German Association

AbstractLiberal political changes in the Habsburg monarchy during the 1860s and 1870s, especially those caused by the December Constitution of 1867 and the ensuing schooling laws, created the necessary legal framework for German and Czech school associations to establish national monolingual schools in Bohemia—the so-called minority schools. These local organizations, however, were soon superseded by central school associations, namely the German association in Vienna (Deutscher Schulverein) and the Czech one in Prague (Ústřední Matice Školská). Founded in 1880, these associations were aimed at schools in the linguistically, and therefore nationally, contested regions along the “language frontier.” This study focuses on the dynamics of the national contestation over schooling prior to World War I and compares the activities of these two associations against the background of political democratization, mass mobilization, and the social questions of the fin de siècle. The comparative analysis of the proclamations, activities, and political contacts of the competing central school associations aims at revising theses about the position and meaning of these organizations and shows their very close interdependence upon political processes, especially on the unsuccessful Czech-German negotiations on a national compromise for Bohemia.

scholarly journals V.M. Bekhterev on the influence of lofty sounds of music on person and society

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Viktoriya Vasilenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
World War I ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
General Psychology ◽  
World War ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scientific Facts

The research subject is the scope of academic works of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev (1857 - 1927) published just before and during World War I, including the articles “Music as a remedy” (1913), “The role of music in aesthetic education of a child from the first days of life” (1915), “Remedial and hygienical role of music” (1916), in which the academician considers the results of experimental research of the influence of music on person and society from the standpoint of collective reflexology and general psychology, and develops methodic guidelines for the practical usage of music. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the fact that the author introduces the natural-science knowledge acquired by V.M. Bekhterev experimentally, into the discourse of the social sciences. The problem of practical usage of music is solved in the context of a comprehensive approach to human study. Along with explicit scientific facts, the sources under consideration have implicit content which can be explained by the academician’s interest in the social aspects of life, creative activities in arts, and music as a form of art. The author emphasizes the practical importance of the collected and classified guidelines for the practical usage of music for the purpose of the improvement of society.

Taking Britain from darkness into light

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-179
Author(s):  
Sandra Van Der Laan ◽  
Lee Moerman ◽  
David Campbell
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Social Action ◽  
First Century ◽  
Business And Society ◽  
World War ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Elite Status ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This paper aims to contribute to an understanding of the process of the construction of the professional businessman in Britain in the early twentieth century. Design/methodology/approach Two books authored by the prominent British industrialist Sir Samuel Turner III are analysed as a form of contemporaneous discourse. This allows for examination of the texts as a particular genre of social media within their social, economic and political contexts. Findings Sir Samuel Turner III derived the elite status from his family’s standing as a prominent Lancashire, church-going, industrial dynasty. The role of business and the businessman as a professional are recast as the means to restore Britain to its former pre-World War I glory – a position that continues to resonate in a variety of contexts today. Originality/value The paper contributes to our understanding of the construction of the social world through discourse. While Turner’s ideology of the relationship between labour, capital, business and society may appear quaint to our twenty-first-century experiences, it is nevertheless an important reminder that the elite voice influences political and social action.

THE ROLE OF MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IN THE REGULATION OF THE PRICING OF THE VOLYN IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Natalia Savina ◽  
Yaroslav Tsetsyk
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Municipal Government ◽  
Local Level ◽  
World War ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Price Review ◽  
The Social ◽  
Review Mechanism

The article describes the features of the regulation on pricing policy of Volyn in the period of the early twentieth century. The role of local authorities in this process has been investigated. Found out that the bodies of municipal government during World War I tried to adjust the price of food and essential goods, but given the realities of the war, they were forced to their povyshat. An important element in this work city councils in Volyn was that they managed to avoid sharp jumps in prices for main groups of goods, to a certain extent weakened the social tension in the border areas. While the price review mechanism was used. The reasons for the revision of prices were handling the merchants with offers them to reconsider. So, these issues were dealt with at the local level and in different places the price could at one and the same product differ.

Screening Transcendence: Austria's Emigrantenfilm and the Construction of an Austrofascist Identity in Singende Jugend

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 157-175
Author(s):  
Robert von Dassanowsky
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Party Politics ◽  
World War ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Social Democrats ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Socialists ◽  
Corporate State ◽  
Governmental Control

Political developments between 1933 and 1934 placed Austrian cinema under more governmental control than at any time since World War I. In 1934 the new chancellor, Engelbert Dollfuss, attempted to counter a looming civil war and the growing power of the Austrian National Socialists by disbanding the embattled parliament and instituting a nonparty clerico-authoritarian corporate state, often referred to as Austrofascist. Although Dollfuss's Fatherland Front was intended to be a national unity movement above party politics, it was, in fact, led by the conservative, Catholic-oriented Christian Social Party. Subsequent laws, which outlawed all political parties, may have temporarily silenced the National Socialists, but they also alienated a substantial portion of Austria's electorate that had supported the Social Democrats.

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