Meschonnic’s Poetics of Society

Author(s):  
Marko Pajević

By systematically establishing what Meschonnic called a poetics of society, this chapter explores the connection between a theory of language and a theory of society. Meschonnic makes use of the old debate between realism and nominalism to criticize a language theory exclusively based on the sign. The particular accent system of the Hebrew Bible represents for Meschonnic an alternative model for thinking language, changing our ideas about poetics and subjectivity, with ethical and political consequences. This article sheds light on this political dimension of Meschonnic’s poetics, making the case for the cultivation of language awareness, for poetic thinking as a socially and politically formative activity. It contends that a different approach to language is a different approach to society, which entails that literature is of general social importance and poetics concerns much more than a narrow conception of literature.

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-310
Author(s):  
Marko Pajević

Throughout his oeuvre, Henri Meschonnic pursued language and literary studies as a means to better understand meaning-making processes and the functioning of society. By systematically establishing what Meschonnic called a poetics of society, this article explores the connection between a theory of language and a theory of society. Meschonnic makes use of the old debate between realism and nominalism to criticize realism as totalitarian, and situates this on the side of a language theory exclusively based on the sign, to which he opposes his theory of rhythm, which emphasizes the semantic value of the continuous dimension of language. The language of the Hebrew Bible, with its particular accent system, represents for Meschonnic an alternative model for thinking language, changing our ideas about poetics and subjectivity, with ethical and political consequences. This article sheds light on this political dimension of Meschonnic's poetics, making the case for the cultivation of language awareness, for poetic thinking as a socially and politically formative activity. It contends that a different approach to language is a different approach to society, which entails that literature is of general social importance and poetics concerns much more than a narrow conception of literature.


2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Estevan Negreiros Ketzer

Resumo: O presente artigo propõe pensar os elementos iniciais no pensamento de Walter Benjamin acerca de uma teoria da linguagem. A questão a partir da qual o centro de sua indagação passa a ser a superficialidade e a falta de vinculação do ser humano com o ato nominativo, vulgarizando-se no decorrer do tempo, obtendo seu ápice na era moderna. A ideia na qual o ser humano se afastou de sua essência está relacionada a uma indistinção da realidade a partir da tradição grega do logos. Como crítica ao fundamento grego, Benjamin recorre à tradição da ciência cabalística hebraica ao realizar uma leitura do capítulo primeiro do pentateuco.Palavras chave: Walter Benjamin; Teoria da Linguagem; Cabala; Pentateuco.Abstract: The present article proposes to think the initial elements in Walter Benjamin’s thought on a theory of the language. The question from which the center of his inquiry becomes the superficiality and lack of attachment of the human being to the nominative act, becoming without value through the time, getting its apex in the modern age. The idea in which the human being departed from its essence is related to an indistinction of reality from the Greek tradition of logos. As a criticism of the Greek foundation, Benjamin resorts to the Hebrew Kabbalistic tradition to read the first chapter of the Pentateuch.Keywords: Walter Benjamin; Language Theory; Kabbala; Pentateuch.


Author(s):  
Richard Albert Wilson

Adam’s first task was giving names to natural Appearances: what is ours still but a continuation of the same?—CARLYLE, Sartor Resartus, 1830.What is now usually known as the ‘external divine-origin theory’ of language—a misnomer which arose from erroneous theological expositions of the narrative given in the early chapters of Genesis—has still an interest for the modern student; first, because of the prolonged influence which it has had upon language theory in the Western world; and second, because of certain significant facts regarding language which an understanding reader still finds in that old story of language origin, to say nothing of the poetic attractiveness of the story itself.


2020 ◽  
pp. 349-391
Author(s):  
Evgeny Dobrenko

This chapter looks into the political dimension of the “discussion about language.” It mentions Nikolai Marr's predominant theory in linguistics. It also compares the two major ideological campaigns in the late-Stalinism era in biology and linguistics, which indicates that realism and revolutionary romanticism remained a principal balancing element in the politico-ideological project of Stalinism. The chapter highlights Joseph Stalin's urgent political signals that speak out against the Marrist concept of “linguistic revolution.” It analyzes the arguments surrounding Marr in both the early 1930s and the early 1950s that revolved around Stalin's “Marxism.” It also discusses Stalin's “new theory of language” that was proclaimed at the cusp of the 1930s as a true embodiment of Marxism in linguistics.


Author(s):  
Ирина Анатольевна Мартыненко

Введение. Являясь крупнейшей по площади испаноязычной страной в мире, Аргентина всегда играла важную роль в историческом, экономическом и культурном развитии южноамериканского континента. Топонимический корпус Аргентины на протяжении веков складывался из европейского (преимущественно испанского) и автохтонного пластов. Испаноязычные компоненты в топонимии этого латиноамериканского государства являются своеобразной картографической формой существования испанского языка, семиотическим маркером присутствия испанской культуры в данном уголке мира. Однако в настоящее время говорить о подробной изученности аргентинской географической номенклатуры не приходится. Цель – предпринять попытку комплексного лингвистического описания испаноязычной топонимии Аргентины и внести вклад в изучение историко-культурного облика страны. Материал и методы. Выводы основаны на полученных результатах лингвопрагматического анализа, проведенного с помощью современных электронных технических средств: в качестве материалов и инструментов были использованы карты страны, электронные системы GoogleMaps и GeoNames. Результаты и обсуждение. Автор группирует географические имена испанского происхождения, приводя множественные примеры, объясняя их этимологию и выявляя метонимические цепочки. Наряду с описанием испаноязычных антропотопонимов, религиозных аллюзий, зоо- и фитотопонимов, эмоционально окрашенных топоединиц и географических имен, содержащих числительные, отдельное место отводится военной топонимии, топонимам-тезкам и топонимам-дублетам. Помимо испаноязычных географических имен, определяется доля гибридной и коренной топонимии от общего числа географических названий региона. Гетерогенность форм географических названий здесь указывает на столкновение цивилизаций, неоднородность языковых контактов и богатство лексических ресурсов локальной топонимической системы. Выяснено, что испаноязычные топонимы составляют наибольший процент в сравнении с автохтонными топонимами и топонимами-гибридами региона. В результате исследования испаноязычный топонимический пласт был распределен по группам, самую многочисленную из которых составляют антропотопонимы. Заключение. Полученные структурированные и описанные данные исследования способствуют продвижению цифровых технологий в ономастических изысканиях и позволяют использовать продемонстрированные результаты в рамках курсов теории языка, топонимики, теории языковых контактов, мигрантологии, лингвострановедения, лексикологии, диалектологии, теории нормативности, а также в преподавании испанского языка. Introduction. As the world’s largest Spanish-speaking country by area, Argentina has always played an important role in the historical, economic and cultural development of the South American continent. Over the centuries, the toponymic corpus of Argentina consists of European (mainly Hispanic) and autochthonous strata. The Hispanic components in the toponymy of this South American state are a kind of cartographic form of the existence of the Spanish language, a semiotic marker of the presence of Spanish culture in this corner of the world. However, at present, there is no possibility to talk about a detailed study of the Argentine geographic nomenclature. The purpose of the article is to attempt a comprehensive linguistic description of the Hispanic toponymy of Argentina. Material and methods. The conclusions are based on the results of the linguopragmatic analysis carried out by traditional means and modern electronic systems: maps of the country, electronic systems GoogleMaps and GeoNames were used as materials and tools. Results and discussion. The author groups place names of Spanish origin, giving multiple examples, explaining their etymology and identifying metonymic chains. Along with the description of Hispanic anthropotoponyms, religious allusions, zoo- and phytotoponyms, emotionally colored topo-units and geographical names containing numerals, a separate place is given to military toponymy, shift names and doublet toponyms. In addition to Hispanic place names, the share of bilingual and indigenous place names in the total number of place names in the region is determined. The heterogeneity of the forms of geographical names here indicates the clash of civilizations, the heterogeneity of linguistic contacts and the richness of the lexical resources of the local toponymic system. It was found that Hispanic toponyms make up the largest percentage in comparison with autochthonous toponyms and bilingual toponyms of the country. As a result of the study, the Hispanic toponymic layer was divided into groups, the most numerous of which are anthropotoponyms. Conclusion. The resulting structured and described research data contribute to the advancement of digital technologies in onomastic research, and also allow the use of the demonstrated results in the framework of courses in language theory, toponymy, theory of language contacts, migrantology, linguistic studies, lexicology, dialectology, theory of normativity, as well as in teaching Spanish.


Author(s):  
Adeolu Oluwaseyi Oyekan

This paper argues for the role of technology, such as artificial intelligence, which includes machine learning, in managing conflicts between herders and farmers in Nigeria. Conflicts between itinerant Fulani herders and farmers over the years have resulted in the destruction of lives, properties, and the displacement of many indigenous communities across Nigeria, with devastating social, economic and political consequences. Over time, the conflicts have morphed into ethnic stereotypes, allegations of ethnic cleansing, forceful appropriation and divisive entrenchment of labels that are inimical to national existence. The reality of climate change and increased urbanization suggest that conflicts are likely to exacerbate over shrinking resources in the near future. Finding solutions to the conflicts, therefore requires innovative thinking capable of addressing the limits of past approaches. While mindful of the human and political dimension of the conflicts, I argue using the method of philosophical analysis that technology possesses the capacity for social transformation, and make a case for the modernization of grazing culture and the curbing of crossborder grazing through machine learning (ML) and other forms of artificial intelligence. Machine Learning represents a transformative technology that addresses the security challenges of irregular migration, accommodates the nomadic and subsistent mode of farming associated with the conflicting parties while enabling a gradual but stable transition to full modernization. I conclude that machine learning holds many prospects for minimizing conflicts and attaining social cohesion between herders and farmers when properly complemented by other mechanisms of social cohesion that may be political in nature.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillén Torres

Despite the popularization of progressive Freedom of Information and Open Data policies, both transparency practitioners and academia have warned about an increase in attempts to control and reduce the informa- tion that flows from the state to citizens. Within the literature dedicated to investigate this phenomenon, the notion of resistance to transparency has been used often to characterize instances of problematic governmental information control. However, within this body of research, the concept of resistance has been stripped of its contentious elements and treated as a synonym of reluctance, unwillingness or foot-dragging, rather than a category with an inherent political dimension. As a result, what is insti- tutional resistance to transparency and what are its political consequences remains vague. Drawing from the theoretical toolbox of the fields of Re- sistance Studies and Science and Technology Studies, this paper explores the politics of institutional resistance to transparency through a case study of Mexican information activists. By focusing on activists’ experiences, I suggest that institutional resistance originates in how transparency mech- anisms allow some citizens to make the state more legible, controllable, and accountable. Furthermore, I argue that institutional resistance is car- ried out mostly through everyday, subtle, seemingly non-political strategies implemented by the state’s institutions, which reduce citizens’ ability to produce and/or process data regarding governmental action.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 190-196
Author(s):  
Mallika R

This Article treats the theory of Language in women poem from Sangam Literature to Modern Literature with the help of the Russian Linguist BHAKTIN on his language and history. He used ‘’Dialogism’’ in his language theory. This Dialogism helps to understand the multiple meaning of the poem. This theory has evolved the author and the reader could understand the context by social and political arena. We could identify this in Tamil Literature too, even though it has been published late in the social arena the Tamil Literature has all the later came theories in it before hand it came to mainstream. That is what the theory of language in women poem has been introduced many multiple meanings for the understating of the readers.


2013 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 119-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Carroll ◽  
Graeme Hewitt ◽  
Viktor I. Korolchuk

Autophagy is a process of lysosome-dependent intracellular degradation that participates in the liberation of resources including amino acids and energy to maintain homoeostasis. Autophagy is particularly important in stress conditions such as nutrient starvation and any perturbation in the ability of the cell to activate or regulate autophagy can lead to cellular dysfunction and disease. An area of intense research interest is the role and indeed the fate of autophagy during cellular and organismal ageing. Age-related disorders are associated with increased cellular stress and assault including DNA damage, reduced energy availability, protein aggregation and accumulation of damaged organelles. A reduction in autophagy activity has been observed in a number of ageing models and its up-regulation via pharmacological and genetic methods can alleviate age-related pathologies. In particular, autophagy induction can enhance clearance of toxic intracellular waste associated with neurodegenerative diseases and has been comprehensively demonstrated to improve lifespan in yeast, worms, flies, rodents and primates. The situation, however, has been complicated by the identification that autophagy up-regulation can also occur during ageing. Indeed, in certain situations, reduced autophagosome induction may actually provide benefits to ageing cells. Future studies will undoubtedly improve our understanding of exactly how the multiple signals that are integrated to control appropriate autophagy activity change during ageing, what affect this has on autophagy and to what extent autophagy contributes to age-associated pathologies. Identification of mechanisms that influence a healthy lifespan is of economic, medical and social importance in our ‘ageing’ world.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document