The Chatrī: its Origin, its Basic Forms and its Variants in Bayana

2020 ◽  
pp. 330-368
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Shokoohy ◽  
Natalie H. Shokoohy
Keyword(s):  
New Delhi ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Indian Architecture ◽  
In Series

The pavilions known as chatrīs are familiar features of North Indian architecture to the extent that Lutyens and Baker adopted them for New Delhi. Their antecedents in temple architecture and the traditional architecture of Iran, as well as their meaning, are intriguing: a canopy representing heavenly protection. The prevalence and variety of the form in Bayana is considered through detailed typological survey beginning with funerary chatrīs: the standard ones with four columns roofed with corbelled or true domes, also octagonal and hexagonal plans, or arranged in series as open rectangular canopied buildings. Indian prototypes and Persian wooden canopies, still standing or depicted in miniatures, are considered. Wooden pavilions in India are known from the sources, and early stone chatrīs for gateways are frequently found, while the Buland Darwāza to the shrine of Ḥamīd al-dīn Chishtī in Nagaur is a famous example with reverberations elsewhere. Bayana preserves experimental forms including a walled chatrī with twelve columns and the Baṛe Kamar: a tomb foreshadowing the arrangement of the tomb of Iʿtimād al-daula in Agra. The symbolic role in the minbars of early mosques is highlighted to explain how the emblematic form is deeply rooted in Indo-Iranian tradition.

The Shikani HME: A New Tracheostomy Heat and Moisture Exchanger

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 2921-2929
Author(s):  
Alan H. Shikani ◽  
Elamin M. Elamin ◽  
Andrew C. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Speaking Valve ◽  
Time Zero ◽  
In Series ◽  
Turbulent Airflow ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Loss Efficiency ◽  
Heat And Moisture ◽  
Lung Simulation

Purpose Tracheostomy patients face many adversities including loss of phonation and essential airway functions including air filtering, warming, and humidification. Heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) facilitate humidification and filtering of inspired air. The Shikani HME (S-HME) is a novel turbulent airflow HME that may be used in-line with the Shikani Speaking Valve (SSV), allowing for uniquely preserved phonation during humidification. The aims of this study were to (a) compare the airflow resistance ( R airflow ) and humidification efficiency of the S-HME and the Mallinckrodt Tracheolife II tracheostomy HME (M-HME) when dry (time zero) and wet (after 24 hr) and (b) determine if in-line application of the S-HME with a tracheostomy speaking valve significantly increases R airflow over a tracheostomy speaking valve alone (whether SSV or Passy Muir Valve [PMV]). Method A prospective observational ex vivo study was conducted using a pneumotachometer lung simulation unit to measure airflow ( Q ) amplitude and R airflow , as indicated by a pressure drop ( P Drop ) across the device (S-HME, M-HME, SSV + S-HME, and PMV). Additionally, P Drop was studied for the S-HME and M-HME when dry at time zero (T 0 ) and after 24 hr of moisture testing (T 24 ) at Q of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 L/s. Results R airflow was significantly less for the S-HME than M-HME (T 0 and T 24 ). R airflow of the SSV + S-HME in series did not significant increase R airflow over the SSV or PMV alone. Moisture loss efficiency trended toward greater efficiency for the S-HME; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions The turbulent flow S-HME provides heat and moisture exchange with similar or greater efficacy than the widely used laminar airflow M-HME, but with significantly lower resistance. The S-HME also allows the innovative advantage of in-line use with the SSV, hence allowing concurrent humidification and phonation during application, without having to manipulate either device.

Status of nondestructive control of transport function metal products at JSC EVRAZ NTMK

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 586-590
Author(s):  
S. P. Bersenev ◽  
E. M. Slobtsova
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Magnetic Powder ◽  
Nondestructive Control ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Ultrasonic Control ◽  
Acoustic Contact ◽  
In Series

Achievements in the area of automated ultrasonic control of quality of rails, solid-rolled wheels and tyres, wheels magnetic powder crack detection, carried out at JSC EVRAZ NTMK. The 100% nondestructive control is accomplished by automated control in series at two ultrasonic facilities RWI-01 and four facilities УМКК-1 of magnetic powder control, installed into the exit control line in the wheel-tyre shop. Diagram of location, converters displacement and control operations in the process of control at the facility RWI-01 presented, as well as the structural diagram of the facility УМКК-1. The automated ultrasonic control of rough tyres is made in the tyres control line of the wheel-tyre shop at the facility УКБ-1Д. The facility enables to control internal defects of tyres in radial, axis and circular directions of radiation. Possibilities of the facility УКБ-1Д software were shown. Nondestructive control of railway rails is made at two facilities, comprising the automated control line of the rail and structural shop. The УКР-64Э facility of automated ultrasonic rails control is intended to reveal defects in the area of head, web and middle part of rail foot by pulse echo-method with a immersion acoustic contact. The diagram of rail P65 at the facility УКР-64Э control presented. To reveal defects of the macrostructure in the area of rail head and web by mirror-shadow method, an ultrasonic noncontact electromagnetic-acoustic facility is used. It was noted, that implementation of the 100% nondestructive control into the technology of rolled stuff production enabled to increase the quality of products supplied to customers and to increase their competiveness.

Dimensions of plane and solid angles and their units in the International System of Units (SI)

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
M. I. Kalinin ◽  
L. K. Isaev ◽  
F. V. Bulygin
Keyword(s):  
Solid Angle ◽  
International System ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Plane Angle ◽  
Arc Length ◽  
Weights And Measures ◽  
International System Of Units ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
In Series ◽  
Solid Angles

The situation that has developed in the International System of Units (SI) as a result of adopting the recommendation of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) in 1980, which proposed to consider plane and solid angles as dimensionless derived quantities, is analyzed. It is shown that the basis for such a solution was a misunderstanding of the mathematical formula relating the arc length of a circle with its radius and corresponding central angle, as well as of the expansions of trigonometric functions in series. From the analysis presented in the article, it follows that a plane angle does not depend on any of the SI quantities and should be assigned to the base quantities, and its unit, the radian, should be added to the base SI units. A solid angle, in this case, turns out to be a derived quantity of a plane angle. Its unit, the steradian, is a coherent derived unit equal to the square radian.

TO STUDY THE ETIOPATHOLOGICAL SPECTRUM OF ADULT PATIENTS WITH PANCYTOPENIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harimohan Garg ◽  
Haritej Anand Khirawari ◽  
Sona Priyadarshi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Leukemia ◽  
Aplastic Anemia ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Megaloblastic Anemia ◽  
Anaplastic Carcinoma ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Nutritional Anemia ◽  
Male Preponderance

Background: Pancytopenia is diagnosed when there is a reduction in all three hematopoietic cell lines. Till date there is limited number of studies on the frequency of various causes of pancytopenia. Of these some have been reported from the Indian subcontinent. There appears to be a changing spectrum of pancytopenia over the past two decades. The objective was to study the etiopathological spectrum of adult patients with pancytopenia over a period of one and half year. Methods: The Prospective and retrospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Family Medicine, Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre, New Delhi.  A total of 120 Patients were included in the study. All patients gave their consent to take part in the study and were subjected to a questionnaire regarding symptoms, past relevant history, lifestyle and detailed clinical examination and investigations as mentioned in materials and methods. Results: Six broad diagnostic groups could be identified in adults with pancytopenia. Megaloblastic anemia (D1) was the largest group comprising 57.5% of all patients. 11.7% of patients with pancytopenia were diagnosed as Aplastic anemia (D2).11.7% of patients with pancytopenia were diagnosed as leukemia/lymphoma (D3) such as lymphoma (1), metastatic anaplastic carcinoma (1), acute leukemia (11), and metastatic gastric carcinoma (1). 15% of patients with pancytopenia were diagnosed with infections (D4) such as complicated malaria cases (7), HIV (5), disseminated tuberculosis (4), viral (2). We also encountered (D5) 0.8% was Myelophthisis/Storage disorder as myelodysplastic syndrome (1) and 3.3% were other (D6) as reactive marrow (4). Conclusion: Pancytopenia is not a disease itself. It is a hematological feature of varying etiology with slight male preponderance. Megaloblastic anemia along with mixed nutritional anemia is leading cause of pancytopenia in India followed by infections being second and aplastic anemia and acute leukemia being third common causes. Keyword: Pancytopenia, Megaloblastic anemia, Nutritional anemia.

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