Exocentric compounds in Akan

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clement K. I. Appah
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Compounds ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Construction Morphology ◽  
Per Se

The purpose of this paper is to investigate exocentric compounds in Akan and to present a Construction Morphology account of their properties. I show that the complex issue of exocentricity is better accounted for if we distinguish between formal and semantic exocentricity. I present Bauer's (2008, 2010) typology of exocentric compounds (bahuvrihi, exocentric synthetic, transpositional exocentric, exocentric co-compounds and metaphorical exocentric compounds) and test the Akan data against them, showing that all Akan compound types (N-A, N-N, N-V, V-N, and V-V) are either exocentric or have exocentric subtypes which fall into three of the five types identified by Bauer. They are bahuvrihi compounds and exocentric synthetic compounds (of which I identify two subtypes each) and transpositional exocentric compounds. I present the properties of each identified type of Akan exocentric compound using formalisms from Construction Morphology ( Booij 2010b ) in which compounds are word-level constructions capable of having holistic properties. The unexpressed features of the exocentric compounds are regarded as holistic constructional properties that do not emanate from the constituents per se.

Natural Products: Key Prototypes to Drug Discovery Against Neglected Diseases Caused by Trypanosomatids

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (13) ◽  
pp. 2133-2146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Themoteo Varela ◽  
João Paulo S. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Total Synthesis ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Synthetic Compounds ◽  
Structural Variety ◽  
The World ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
Per Se

Background: Neglected tropical diseases are a group of infections caused by microorganisms and viruses that affect mainly poor regions of the world. In addition, most available drugs are associated with long periods of treatment and high toxicity which limits the application and patient compliance. Investment in research and development is not seen as an attractive deal by the pharmaceutical industry since the final product must ideally be cheap, not returning the amount invested. Natural products have always been an important source for bioactive compounds and are advantageous over synthetic compounds when considering the unique structural variety and biological activities. On the other hand, isolation difficulties and low yields, environmental impact and high cost usually limit their application as drug per se. Objective: In this review, the use of natural products as prototypes for the semi-synthesis or total synthesis, as well as natural products as promising hits is covered, specifically regarding compounds with activities against trypanosomatids such as Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp. Methods: Selected reports from literature with this approach were retrieved. Conclusion: As summary, it can be concluded that natural products are an underestimated source for designing novel agents against these parasites.

scholarly journals THE NEXT GREAT ADVENTURE: REPRESENTATIONS OF DEATH IN J. K. ROWLING’S HARRY POTTER SERIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Auba Llompart Pons
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Harry Potter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Ya Literature ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Per Se

In line with previous studies about the importance of breaking with taboos surrounding death in children’s and YA literature, this article examines how this topic is treated in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series. Whereas other critical works have focused on Rowling’s excessive representations of violent deaths, I concentrate on the more benign portrayals of this reality that can also be found in her novels. I contend that the series ultimately renders and treats death as a complex issue. On one hand, Rowling embraces the pedagogy of death with her explicit didactic message that death is not evil per se and has to be accepted as a natural part of our existence, an idea which is central to the series. On the other hand, this study also looks into the ways in which deviates from the pedagogy of death, arguing that this does not necessarily detract from the series’ potential to promote a healthy view of this topic among readers. On the contrary, Rowling’s capacity to teach her audience lessons about death while, at the same time, acknowledging that these lessons may sometimes be at odds with how readers actually feel about the end of life makes for a complex, sensitive and humane rendering of this subject.

scholarly journals From compounding to derivation The emergence of derivational affixes through “constructionalization”

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Hüning ◽  
Geert Booij
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Change ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
Complex Word ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Construction Morphology ◽  
Recent Developments

AbstractThe rise of new derivational affixes can be analyzed adequately as a case of “constructionalization” within the framework of Construction Morphology as developed by Booij (2010). We review some aspects and problems of previous accounts that view the emergence of derivational affixes as a case of grammaticalization or as a case of lexicalization, respectively. In line with recent developments in grammaticalization research, not the isolated element (word or affix) is viewed as the locus of change, but the complex word as a whole - seen as a “construction” in the sense of Construction Grammar - and its relation with other constructions. Morphological change can be conceived as constructional change at the word level.

scholarly journals Between VP and NN

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livio Gaeta ◽  
Amir Zeldes
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Synthetic Compounds ◽  
Empirical Survey ◽  
Construction Morphology ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper is concerned with the classification and analysis of different types of German synthetic compounds headed by deverbal agent nouns in -er, such as Romanleser ‘novel-reader’ or Gedankenleser ‘mind-reader’, where the non-head is seen to saturate an argument of the head lexeme while adhering to the semantic interpretation found in corresponding VPs (e.g. the distinct senses of read in the previous examples). In contrast to several previous approaches, which attempt to explain the relationship between VPs and compounds using a unified mechanism of incorporation or derivation, we argue that different compounding patterns require different analyses and that the respective constructions are to some extent independent of each other. While some compounds are modelled after frequent, familiar VPs and take account of the usage profile of syntactic phrases, other productive sets of compounds extend independently lexicalized schemas with fixed compound heads. To support our analysis we undertake the largest empirical survey of these formations to date, using a broad coverage Web corpus. We suggest several categories of verb-object lexeme pairs to account for our data and formulate an analysis of the facts within the framework of Construction Morphology.

The word status of Chinese adjective-noun combinations

Linguistics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Selectional Restrictions ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Construction Morphology ◽  
The Status ◽  
Degree Adverbs ◽  
Oxford University Press

Abstract The status of Chinese adjective-noun combinations ([A N]) has been debated for decades. This paper argues that Chinese [A N] are word-level expressions constructed in an autonomous word formation component of the grammar. I propose a monomorphemic constraint on the adjective of [A N]. Together with evidence from the tests of modification by degree adverbs, conjunction reduction, and XP substitution, this constraint supports the wordhood of Chinese [A N]. Additional evidence is that Chinese [A N] have a potential naming function and are subject to selectional restrictions. Neither anaphoric accessibility nor the restrictions on the ordering of adjectives are reliable criteria for establishing the status of Chinese [A N]. The various properties of Chinese [A N] are accounted for under the framework of Construction Morphology (Booij, Geert. 2010. Construction Morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.).

Origin of Hepatic Nuclear Inclusion Bodies

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 426-427
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
J. A. Greenlee ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Nuclear Inclusion ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Human Liver Cells ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Experimental Liver

Nuclear inclusion bodies seen in human liver cells may appear in light microscopy as deposits of fat or glycogen resulting from various diseases such as diabetes, hepatitis, cholestasis or glycogen storage disease. These deposits have been also encountered in experimental liver injury and in our animals subjected to nutritional deficiencies, drug intoxication and hepatocarcinogens. Sometimes these deposits fail to demonstrate the presence of fat or glycogen and show PAS negative reaction. Such deposits are considered as viral products.Electron microscopic studies of these nuclei revealed that such inclusion bodies were not products of the nucleus per se but were mere segments of endoplasmic reticulum trapped inside invaginating nuclei (Fig. 1-3).

Zone-axis ALCHEMI for the rapid assessment of site occupancies in garnets

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 706-707
Author(s):  
M.T. Otten ◽  
P.R. Buseck
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystals ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Site Occupancy ◽  
Zone Axis ◽  
Synthetic Compounds ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Crystallographic Planes

ALCHEMI (Atom Location by CHannelling-Enhanced Microanalysis) is a TEM technique for determining site occupancies in single crystals. The method uses the channelling of incident electrons along specific crystallographic planes. This channelling results in enhanced x-ray emission from the atoms on those planes, thereby providing the required site-occupancy information. ALCHEMI has been applied with success to spinel, olivine and feldspar. For the garnets, which form a large group of important minerals and synthetic compounds, the channelling effect is weaker, and significant results are more difficult to obtain. It was found, however, that the channelling effect is pronounced for low-index zone-axis orientations, yielding a method for assessing site occupancies that is rapid and easy to perform.

The Eleventh Circuit Holds that Agreements in which Pharmaceutical Companies Pay Generic Companies Not to Compete May be Valid

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Amy Garrigues
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Trial Court ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antitrust Laws ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Appeals Court ◽  
Two Sides

On September 15, 2003, the US. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that agreements between pharmaceutical and generic companies not to compete are not per se unlawful if these agreements do not expand the existing exclusionary right of a patent. The Valley DrugCo.v.Geneva Pharmaceuticals decision emphasizes that the nature of a patent gives the patent holder exclusive rights, and if an agreement merely confirms that exclusivity, then it is not per se unlawful. With this holding, the appeals court reversed the decision of the trial court, which held that agreements under which competitors are paid to stay out of the market are per se violations of the antitrust laws. An examination of the Valley Drugtrial and appeals court decisions sheds light on the two sides of an emerging legal debate concerning the validity of pay-not-to-compete agreements, and more broadly, on the appropriate balance between the seemingly competing interests of patent and antitrust laws.

Fusion and Fission Processes in Exocytosis: Possible Roles for Synexin and Osmotic Lysis in the Two Events

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 594-597
Author(s):  
H.B. Pollard ◽  
C.E. Creutz ◽  
C.J. Pazoles ◽  
J.H. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Extracellular Calcium ◽  
Large Protein ◽  
Granule Membrane ◽  
Osmotic Lysis ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Chemical Evidence

Exocytosis is a general concept describing secretion of enzymes, hormones and transmitters that are otherwise sequestered in intracellular granules. Chemical evidence for this concept was first gathered from studies on chromaffin cells in perfused adrenal glands, in which it was found that granule contents, including both large protein and small molecules such as adrenaline and ATP, were released together while the granule membrane was retained in the cell. A number of exhaustive reviews of this early work have been published and are summarized in Reference 1. The critical experiments demonstrating the importance of extracellular calcium for exocytosis per se were also first performed in this system (2,3), further indicating the substantial service given by chromaffin cells to those interested in secretory phenomena over the years.

Collecting Words: A Clinical Example of a Morphology-Focused Orthographic Intervention

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Murphy ◽  
Emily A. Diehm
Keyword(s):  
Written Language ◽  
Morphological Knowledge ◽  
English Orthography ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
The One ◽  
Critical Intervention ◽  
Reading And Spelling ◽  
Reading And Spelling Difficulties

Purpose Morphological interventions promote gains in morphological knowledge and in other oral and written language skills (e.g., phonological awareness, vocabulary, reading, and spelling), yet we have a limited understanding of critical intervention features. In this clinical focus article, we describe a relatively novel approach to teaching morphology that considers its role as the key organizing principle of English orthography. We also present a clinical example of such an intervention delivered during a summer camp at a university speech and hearing clinic. Method Graduate speech-language pathology students provided a 6-week morphology-focused orthographic intervention to children in first through fourth grade ( n = 10) who demonstrated word-level reading and spelling difficulties. The intervention focused children's attention on morphological families, teaching how morphology is interrelated with phonology and etymology in English orthography. Results Comparing pre- and posttest scores, children demonstrated improvement in reading and/or spelling abilities, with the largest gains observed in spelling affixes within polymorphemic words. Children and their caregivers reacted positively to the intervention. Therefore, data from the camp offer preliminary support for teaching morphology within the context of written words, and the intervention appears to be a feasible approach for simultaneously increasing morphological knowledge, reading, and spelling. Conclusion Children with word-level reading and spelling difficulties may benefit from a morphology-focused orthographic intervention, such as the one described here. Research on the approach is warranted, and clinicians are encouraged to explore its possible effectiveness in their practice. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12290687

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